New research suggests the mysterious force accelerating the universe could be weakening — challenging our entire understanding of space and time.
Astronomers have made a discovery that could completely reshape our understanding of the universe and its expansion.
Researchers recently found that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the cosmos — might not be a constant after all. In fact, new evidence suggests it could be weakening over time.
If true, this revelation could topple the long-standing standard cosmological model known as the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model. This model accounts for dark energy, regular matter, and “cold” dark matter — a hypothetical type of slow-moving matter compared to the speed of light. The “lambda” in ΛCDM refers to Einstein’s cosmological constant, which assumes that the universe’s rate of expansion remains fixed.
However, observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona, first reported last year, hinted that dark energy may be evolving. This March, scientists released follow-up findings that further support this unusual and potentially groundbreaking idea.
“This is exciting — it might actually be putting the standard model of cosmology in danger,” said Yashar Akrami, an assistant research professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid, speaking to New Scientist.
Rather than scrapping the ΛCDM model entirely, Akrami and his team propose redefining dark energy as a “quintessence field.” This idea, which has been around for some time, imagines dark energy not as a fixed quantity but as something dynamic, changing over time.
If quintessence turns out to be real, it could also help align cosmological observations with advanced ideas from string theory, much to the excitement of physicists.
“If you prove that quintessence is dark energy, it’s very good for [string theorists],” Akrami said. “That’s why the string theory community is really excited now.”
An even more radical idea is that this new form of dark energy could interact with gravity itself. Pedro Ferreira, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford, explained to New Scientist that we might be witnessing the emergence of an additional “fifth force” in the universe.
“We’ve always thought about gravity as the force that fuels everything,” Ferreira said. “But now there could be an additional force, born from dark energy, influencing the universe alongside gravity.”
Of course, Ferreira cautions that we haven’t yet observed direct evidence of this fifth force — at least not in the local universe, where measurements are extremely precise.
“Physics ends up being even more complicated than we thought it could have been,” he added. “And that kind of makes you wonder, why do you want to go down that route?”
Ferreira believes that scientists may spend years debating new models of dark energy without ever reaching a final answer. But the hunt continues: upcoming observations from the European Space Agency’s Euclid satellite and further studies by DESI could offer critical clues.
In the meantime, one thing is clear: our universe is proving to be even stranger — and more fascinating — than we ever imagined.
Methylene Blue, also known by its chemical name methylthioninium chloride and commonly referred to as Swiss Blue, is a versatile compound with a rich history spanning over a century. Initially synthesized in 1876 by the German chemist Heinrich Caro, its primary application was as an aniline-based dye within the textile industry. The subsequent discovery of its unique properties led to its adoption in various scientific and medical fields, marking it as the “first fully synthetic drug used in medicine”. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Methylene Blue, encompassing its chemical identity, fundamental properties, historical and current medical uses, ongoing scientific research into potential future applications, its diverse non-medical uses, potential health benefits that are still under investigation, the known risks and side effects associated with its use, and its legal and regulatory status within the United States.
2. Chemical Identity and Fundamental Properties
2.1 Chemical Formula and Nomenclature
The chemical formula for Methylene Blue is It is important to note that Methylene Blue can also exist in a hydrated form, which contains three molecules of water per unit of the compound. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name for Methylene Blue is [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride. Beyond these formal designations, Methylene Blue is known by a variety of other common names and synonyms, including Methylthioninium chloride, Swiss Blue, Basic Blue 9, CI 52015, Urelene blue, Provayblue, Proveblue, and Methylenium ceruleum. Chemically, Methylene Blue is classified as a formal derivative of phenothiazine and belongs to the thiazine dye family. The existence of multiple names and the distinction between anhydrous and hydrated forms underscore the necessity for precision when referring to or utilizing this compound in both research and clinical settings. Subtle differences in these forms, such as solubility and stability, can influence its behavior and efficacy.
2.2 Molecular Weight and Structure
The molar mass of anhydrous Methylene Blue is approximately 319.85 g/mol, while the trihydrate form has a molar mass of 373.9 g/mol. The molecular structure of Methylene Blue is characterized by three interconnected cyclic structures. A central phenothiazine ring system is linked to sulfur and nitrogen atoms, featuring dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The molecule carries a positive charge on a nitrogen atom, which is balanced by a chloride counterion. This structural arrangement classifies Methylene Blue as a cationic heterocyclic compound. A key feature of Methylene Blue is its redox activity, which allows it to exist in two primary forms: an oxidized state, which is blue in color, and a reduced state, known as leuco-methylene blue, which is colorless. This ability to readily accept and donate electrons is fundamental to many of its biological activities, including its established use in treating methemoglobinemia and its potential role in influencing mitochondrial function.
2.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
At room temperature, Methylene Blue presents as a dark green crystalline powder, often exhibiting a bronze-like luster. When dissolved in polar solvents such as water or alcohol, it yields a characteristic deep blue solution. Its solubility varies across different solvents: it is readily soluble in water, glycerol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol; slightly soluble in pyridine; and practically insoluble in ethyl ether, oleic acid, and xylene. The specific solubility in water is reported to be around 4.36 g per 100 mL at 25°C. Notably, the solubility in solvents like DMSO and ethanol can be enhanced at elevated temperatures. The melting point of Methylene Blue is in the range of 100 to 110 °C, at which point it also begins to decompose , although some sources indicate a decomposition temperature closer to 180°C. When dissolved in water, Methylene Blue exhibits slightly acidic properties , with a 1% aqueous solution having a pH of approximately 6. The compound absorbs light maximally in the region of 664 to 670 nm. While generally stable under normal conditions, Methylene Blue is sensitive to light, which can lead to its degradation. The solubility profile of Methylene Blue is a critical factor influencing its administration and distribution within biological systems. Its light sensitivity has implications for its use in photodynamic therapy and necessitates careful storage to maintain its potency [Chain of thought: How it dissolves affects how it can be formulated (e.g., for injection vs. oral). Light degradation could impact the potency of stored solutions.].
Table 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Methylene Blue
Methylthioninium chloride, Swiss Blue, Basic Blue 9, CI 52015, etc.
Molecular Weight (Anhydrous)
319.85 g/mol
Molecular Weight (Trihydrate)
373.9 g/mol
Appearance
Dark green crystalline powder with a bronze-like luster
Solubility in Water
4.36 g/100 mL at 25°C
Solubility in Other Solvents
Soluble in glycerol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, ethanol; slightly soluble in pyridine; insoluble in ethyl ether, oleic acid, xylene
Melting Point
100 to 110 °C (decomposes)
Maximum Absorption Wavelength
664-670 nm
3. A Historical Perspective on Methylene Blue in Medicine
3.1 Early Discoveries and Applications
The journey of Methylene Blue from a textile dye to a significant medical agent began with its recognition as a valuable biological stain. In 1880, Robert Koch, a pioneer in microbiology, established its utility as a stain in medical applications, a finding corroborated and expanded upon by Paul Ehrlich. Ehrlich, in the 1890s, made a groundbreaking observation: Methylene Blue exhibited effectiveness against malaria parasites in human blood, marking it as the first fully synthetic drug to be successfully used in treating human illnesses. This discovery aligned with Ehrlich’s “magic bullet” theory, which posited that specific chemicals could selectively target and harm pathogens without damaging surrounding tissues, a revolutionary concept that laid the foundation for modern chemotherapy. During World War I, Methylene Blue also found application as an antiseptic for treating wounds, demonstrating its antimicrobial properties. It was, in fact, the first synthetic antiseptic to be used therapeutically. Historically, it was also employed in the treatment of gonorrhea and fever. These early applications highlight the initial promise and versatility of Methylene Blue in addressing various medical challenges.
3.2 Treatment of Methemoglobinemia
A significant milestone in the medical history of Methylene Blue occurred in 1933 when it was discovered to be an effective antidote for aniline-induced methemoglobinemia by Williams and Challis. Methemoglobinemia is a condition characterized by an elevated level of methemoglobin in the blood, a form of hemoglobin that cannot effectively carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. Methylene Blue works by chemically reducing the ferric iron (Fesup3+/sup) present in methemoglobin back to the ferrous iron (Fesup2+/sup) state in hemoglobin, thereby restoring the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. This mechanism has established Methylene Blue as a crucial treatment for acquired methemoglobinemia, which can be caused by exposure to certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or even broad beans in susceptible individuals. The effectiveness of Methylene Blue in this context is a testament to its direct and specific biochemical action on hemoglobin.
3.3 Other Historical Uses
Beyond its roles in malaria treatment and methemoglobinemia, Methylene Blue has been explored for various other medical applications throughout history. It was once considered a weak antimalarial agent, but its use diminished with the advent of more potent drugs like chloroquine. However, the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant malaria has led to a renewed interest in Methylene Blue as a potential component of antimalarial treatment regimens. Similarly, Methylene Blue was historically recommended as an intestinal and urinary antiseptic, although this use is no longer prevalent. Nevertheless, some sources still mention its application in treating urinary tract infections. In 1933, Matilda Brooks discovered its potential as an antidote for both cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning , although it is no longer the primary treatment for cyanide poisoning. Notably, Methylene Blue was also one of the first drugs used in the late 19th century for the treatment of patients with psychosis and played a role in the serendipitous development of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs in the mid-20th century. The varied trajectory of Methylene Blue’s medical applications reflects the continuous advancements in pharmacological science and the development of more targeted therapies. The resurgence of interest in its antimalarial properties highlights the ongoing challenges posed by drug resistance.
4. Current FDA-Approved Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
4.1 Treatment of Acquired Methemoglobinemia
The primary FDA-approved medical application of Methylene Blue is the treatment of acquired methemoglobinemia in both pediatric and adult patients. This approval underscores the established efficacy and safety of Methylene Blue for this specific condition. Several intravenous formulations are available, including ProvayBlue, which was the first methylene blue injection to receive FDA approval. Generic versions of methylene blue injection have also been approved by the FDA, enhancing the accessibility of this essential medication. The typical intravenous dosage for treating methemoglobinemia is 1 mg/kg of a 1% solution, administered slowly over a period of 5 to 30 minutes. If methemoglobin levels remain elevated or clinical signs persist, a repeat dose may be administered one hour after the initial dose. The FDA approval of Methylene Blue for methemoglobinemia signifies a robust body of evidence supporting its benefit in this critical medical situation.
4.2 Diagnostic Aid
Methylene Blue is also FDA-approved for various diagnostic purposes, leveraging its staining properties to enhance visualization during medical procedures. One significant application is in sentinel lymph node mapping, a crucial technique used during breast surgery and other cancer surgeries to identify the lymph nodes most likely to contain cancerous cells. In this procedure, a typical dose of 2 mL or 5 mL of a 1% methylene blue solution is injected into the tissue near the tumor, allowing surgeons to visually trace the lymphatic drainage. Furthermore, Methylene Blue is employed as a dye in chromoendoscopy, where it is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract to aid in the identification of dysplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions. It is also utilized in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine injection. Another diagnostic application involves the intravenous administration of Methylene Blue to assist in the identification of parathyroid glands during surgery. The dye stains the glands, making them easier for surgeons to locate. A typical dose for this purpose is 5 mg/mL given approximately one hour before the surgical procedure. Additionally, because intravenously injected Methylene Blue is readily excreted in the urine, it can be used to test for leaks or fistulas within the urinary tract. These diagnostic uses highlight the value of Methylene Blue’s staining properties in improving the precision and effectiveness of various medical and surgical procedures.
4.3 Combination Drug for Urinary Tract Issues
Methylene Blue is also a component of several FDA-approved combination drugs, such as Hyophen, Methylphen, Urophen, and Urised. These medications are indicated for the symptomatic treatment of pain, burning, urgency, and frequency associated with cystitis, urethritis, and other urinary tract disorders. In these formulations, Methylene Blue is combined with other active ingredients like hyoscyamine, hexamethylenetetramine, phenyl salicylate, and benzoic acid. While Methylene Blue has a history of use as a mild urinary antiseptic, its current approved application in this context is within these multi-component drugs, suggesting a synergistic or complementary role in alleviating urinary tract symptoms.
Table 2: Current FDA-Approved Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
Indication
Route of Administration
Typical Dosage
Specific FDA Approval Details
Acquired Methemoglobinemia
Intravenous
1 mg/kg of a 1% solution over 5-30 minutes, repeat dose if needed
ProvayBlue (first approved brand), generic versions available
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
Intraparenchymal
2 mL or 5 mL of a 1% solution injected near the tumor
Used in breast surgery and other cancer surgeries
Visualization in Endoscopic Procedures
Topical (spray/injection)
Varies depending on the procedure
Chromoendoscopy for dysplasia detection, endoscopic polypectomy
Parathyroid Gland Identification
Intravenous
5 mg/mL one hour before the procedure
Aids in locating parathyroid glands during surgery
Urinary Tract Leak Detection
Intravenous
Dosage not specified
Excreted in urine to detect leaks or fistulas
Symptomatic Treatment of Urinary Tract Pain
Oral (in combination drugs)
Dosage determined by the specific combination product
Component of drugs like Hyophen, Methylphen, Urophen, Urised, which also contain hyoscyamine, hexamethylenetetramine, phenyl salicylate, and benzoic acid
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5. Ongoing Scientific Studies and Potential Future Medical Uses of Methylene Blue
5.1 Neurodegenerative Disorders
Methylene Blue has garnered significant attention for its potential in treating various neurodegenerative disorders. Extensive research is underway to explore its effects on Alzheimer’s disease, with studies investigating its ability to inhibit the aggregation of tau proteins and reduce the formation of amyloid-beta plaques, both hallmarks of the disease. Some clinical trials, particularly those involving modified forms of Methylene Blue like LMTX (leuco-methylthioninium bis(hydromethanesulfonate)), have shown promising results in specific subgroups of patients. Lower doses of Methylene Blue have also been associated with enhanced cognitive function in some studies. However, it is important to note that several large-scale phase 3 clinical trials have not met their primary endpoints, indicating the need for further investigation to optimize dosing, formulations, and identify the patient populations that might benefit most. Preclinical studies also suggest that Methylene Blue may have neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease by reducing oxidative stress and protecting dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, its potential is being explored in other neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, claustrophobia, ifosfamide encephalopathy, and schizophrenia , as well as autism, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and traumatic brain injury. A completed clinical trial indicates that intraoperative use of Methylene Blue may reduce postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. The ability of Methylene Blue to cross the blood-brain barrier and its potential to enhance mitochondrial function and act as an antioxidant are key reasons for its investigation in these neurological conditions [Chain of thought: While preclinical data is promising, translating these findings to consistent clinical benefits in complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging and requires rigorous investigation.].
5.2 Cancer Therapy
The role of Methylene Blue in cancer therapy is also an active area of research. Its potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being explored as a means to selectively kill cancer cells. Preclinical studies have shown its effectiveness against various cancer types, including colorectal tumors, carcinoma, and melanoma , although results have been less promising in breast cancer and HeLa cell models. Clinical trials are investigating its efficacy in treating pain associated with oral mucositis in cancer patients. Researchers are also examining its potential to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, particularly in making hypoxic tumor cells more susceptible to radiation. In animal models, Methylene Blue has shown promise as a metabolic therapy in restraining ovarian tumor growth. Additionally, its use in facilitating the evaluation of lymph nodes in colon cancer specimens is being studied. The photosensitizing properties of Methylene Blue, activated by light to produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen, and its potential to interfere with cancer cell metabolism are the basis for these investigations.
5.3 Infectious Diseases
There is a renewed interest in Methylene Blue as an antimalarial agent, particularly in the face of increasing resistance to existing drugs. Studies are exploring its effectiveness against drug-resistant strains of malaria and its ability to prevent transmission by targeting the gametocyte stage of the parasite. Methylene Blue is also being investigated for its broad-spectrum antiviral activity, with potential applications against respiratory viral infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Experimental studies have demonstrated its inhibitory effects on viral replication. Its antimicrobial properties are also being researched in the context of treating bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, and as a general disinfectant. Notably, laboratory studies suggest its effectiveness against persister biofilms, which are relevant to chronic infections like Lyme disease and Bartonella. Furthermore, Methylene Blue is used in some settings for decontaminating blood plasma products due to its antiviral and antibacterial properties. The diverse antimicrobial and antiviral activities of Methylene Blue, combined with its relatively low toxicity and cost, make it a promising candidate for addressing infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings and against emerging pathogens.
5.4 Septic Shock and Vasoplegic Syndrome
Methylene Blue is under investigation for its potential to treat refractory hypotension in septic shock. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, which can help restore vascular tone. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to further evaluate its safety and efficacy in this context. Additionally, Methylene Blue is used off-label to increase blood pressure in individuals experiencing vasoplegic syndrome, a condition often occurring after cardiac surgery where blood pressure drops dangerously low and does not respond to standard treatments like epinephrine. Some studies suggest that early administration of Methylene Blue in patients with vasoplegic syndrome may improve survival rates. The ability of Methylene Blue to modulate nitric oxide pathways, which play a critical role in vasodilation, makes it a potential therapeutic option for managing these severe conditions.
Table 3: Potential Future Medical Uses of Methylene Blue Under Investigation
Medical Condition
Proposed Mechanism of Action
Current Status of Research
Key Findings/Outcomes (if available)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Inhibits tau aggregation, reduces amyloid-beta plaques, enhances mitochondrial function
Preclinical and Clinical Trials (Phase 2/3)
Mixed results in clinical trials, some promise in subgroups with modified forms and lower doses
Demonstrates antiviral activity in laboratory settings
Bacterial Infections (e.g., Lyme, Bartonella)
Antimicrobial, effective against persister biofilms
Preclinical and Anecdotal Reports
Shows promise in laboratory studies and some clinical observations
Septic Shock
Inhibits nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, restores vascular tone
Clinical Trials (Phase 2/3)
Some studies show improved hemodynamic parameters and reduced vasopressor requirements
Vasoplegic Syndrome
Inhibits nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, restores vascular tone
Off-label use, Retrospective and Prospective Studies
Early administration may improve survival after cardiac surgery
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6. Explore Non-Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
6.1 Use in Aquariums
Methylene Blue finds application in the maintenance of aquariums, primarily as a disinfectant. It is commonly used to treat fungal infections that can affect fish and their eggs, as well as parasitic diseases such as ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis). Additionally, it can be effective against certain bacterial infections in fish. Beyond treating existing conditions, Methylene Blue can also aid in mitigating the toxicity caused by elevated levels of ammonia and nitrites in aquarium water, which can be harmful to aquatic life. Its antimicrobial properties, therefore, extend beyond medical contexts to play a role in maintaining the health and well-being of fish in aquariums.
6.2 Dye in Textiles and Microscopy
Historically, Methylene Blue was first synthesized for use as a dye in the textile industry, particularly for coloring cotton and wool fabrics. Its strong and lasting blue hue made it a valuable component in textile manufacturing. In the realm of science, Methylene Blue is a widely employed biological stain in microscopy. It is used to enhance the visibility of cells, tissues, and microorganisms under a microscope, often staining negatively charged cell components such as nucleic acids. It is a component of important stains used in hematology and microbiology, including Wright’s stain and Jenner’s stain. The fundamental staining properties of Methylene Blue were crucial to its early scientific and industrial applications, highlighting its inherent affinity for biological materials.
6.3 Redox Indicator in Chemistry
Methylene Blue is a well-known redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions containing Methylene Blue will appear blue in the presence of an oxidizing environment. However, if exposed to a reducing agent, the solution will undergo a color change and become colorless as the Methylene Blue is reduced to its leuco form. This property is famously demonstrated in the “blue bottle” experiment, a classic demonstration of chemical kinetics. Methylene Blue is also utilized in sulfide analysis, where its reaction with hydrogen sulfide can be quantified. Additionally, it can function as an indicator for pH changes in certain applications. The reversible color change of Methylene Blue based on the redox state of its environment makes it a valuable tool for visualizing and studying chemical reactions involving electron transfer.
6.4 Photosensitizer
Methylene Blue acts as a photosensitizer, meaning it can absorb light and transfer energy to oxygen, converting it into singlet oxygen, a highly reactive form. This property is harnessed in photodynamic therapy (PDT), where Methylene Blue, in conjunction with light exposure, is used to destroy target cells, such as cancer cells or microorganisms. The same principle is applied in the disinfection of blood plasma, where light-activated Methylene Blue can effectively kill certain viruses and bacteria, enhancing the safety of blood transfusions. This interaction with light to generate reactive oxygen species is a key aspect of its potential in targeted therapeutic applications.
6.5 Other Uses
Beyond these primary non-medical applications, Methylene Blue has a variety of other uses. In the food industry, it is employed to test the freshness of milk and dairy products, where its reduction to a colorless form indicates low oxygen levels associated with spoilage. Its use in the textile industry for dyeing natural fibers like cotton, wool, and silk continues. In educational settings, Methylene Blue is a valuable tool for demonstrating redox reactions and chemical equilibrium, such as in the Blue Bottle Experiment, and for staining cells to facilitate microscopic observation by students. It also has applications in environmental science, where it can be used to demonstrate dissolved oxygen levels in water, illustrating concepts of water quality. In orthopedic surgery, Methylene Blue is sometimes added to bone cement to provide a visual distinction between the cement and native bone, and it can also accelerate the hardening process. Certain medical devices incorporate Methylene Blue as a visualization aid. Finally, it is used in construction and soil science to determine the methylene blue value of fine aggregate, an indicator of its clay mineral content. The sheer diversity of these non-medical applications underscores the multifaceted nature of Methylene Blue, stemming from its unique chemical and physical properties [Chain of thought: From industrial applications to educational demonstrations, its unique characteristics make it valuable in diverse fields.].
7. Identify Any Potential Health Benefits of Methylene Blue That Are Not Yet Fully Established or Approved by Regulatory Bodies
7.1 Cognitive Enhancement and Anti-Aging
Emerging research suggests that Methylene Blue may possess potential health benefits beyond its currently approved medical uses, particularly in the areas of cognitive enhancement and anti-aging. Some studies indicate that it may have cognitive-enhancing effects, potentially improving memory and attention span. Animal studies have shown that Methylene Blue can improve age-related memory decline and enhance grip strength and spatial memory in older mice. These effects may be linked to its ability to enhance mitochondrial function in brain cells, which is crucial for energy production and overall cognitive health. Furthermore, Methylene Blue exhibits antioxidant properties that could protect cells, including neurons, against damage from oxidative stress, a process implicated in aging. While these findings from preclinical studies and some early-phase clinical trials are promising, more rigorous and large-scale clinical trials in humans are necessary to definitively establish these benefits and determine safe and effective dosages. It is important to note that over-the-counter Methylene Blue products marketed for cognitive enhancement or anti-aging are not currently regulated by the FDA, and their safety and efficacy have not been fully evaluated .
7.2 Mental Health Support (Beyond Approved Uses)
Research is also exploring the potential of Methylene Blue in providing support for various mental health conditions beyond its historical use in psychosis. Some studies have investigated its use as an adjunct treatment for mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It is believed that Methylene Blue may influence the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, which play critical roles in mood regulation. Animal models have shown that Methylene Blue exhibits antidepressant-like activity. While these preliminary findings are encouraging, the use of Methylene Blue for mental health support is still considered investigational. Careful consideration of potential drug interactions, particularly with medications that affect serotonin levels, is essential due to Methylene Blue’s properties as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor .
7.3 Lyme Disease and Co-infections
Some practitioners, particularly Lyme Literate Medical Doctors (LLMDs), are exploring the off-label use of Methylene Blue for the treatment of Lyme disease and associated co-infections, such as Bartonella. Anecdotal reports suggest that patients treated with Methylene Blue have experienced improvements in symptoms like fatigue, depression, and cognitive fog, which are commonly associated with these tick-borne illnesses. Laboratory studies have indicated that Methylene Blue possesses antimicrobial properties and may be particularly effective against persister biofilms, a form of bacterial growth that can be difficult to eradicate in Lyme disease and Bartonella infections. However, it is crucial to emphasize that these uses are not yet fully established or approved by regulatory bodies. Rigorous clinical trials in humans are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of Methylene Blue for the treatment of Lyme disease and co-infections.
8. Research the Known Risks, Side Effects, and Contraindications Associated with the Use of Methylene Blue
8.1 Common Side Effects
The use of Methylene Blue is associated with several known side effects, the most common of which is a noticeable bluish-green discoloration of the urine and stool. Some individuals may experience pain in their limbs following intravenous administration. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain have also been reported. Other common side effects can include dizziness, confusion, and headaches , as well as staining of the mouth or teeth and an altered sense of taste. Some patients may also experience sweating , a burning sensation in the mouth and stomach , restlessness, apprehension, and an unusual taste sensation known as dysgeusia. It is important to note that Methylene Blue can transiently interfere with pulse oximeter readings, potentially leading to an underestimation of the actual oxygen saturation in the blood. Additionally, a decrease in the Bispectral Index (BIS), a measure of brain activity, has been observed following the administration of Methylene Blue during surgical procedures [Chain of thought: Many side effects are relatively mild and related to its properties as a dye and its biochemical actions. However, some can be more significant and require monitoring.].
8.2 Serious Risks and Contraindications
While many side effects are mild, Methylene Blue carries the risk of several serious adverse events and has specific contraindications. One of the most significant risks is the development of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when Methylene Blue is used in combination with other drugs that increase serotonin levels in the brain, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), opioids, and dextromethorphan. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome can include mental status changes, muscle twitching, excessive sweating, shivering, diarrhea, loss of coordination, and fever. Therefore, the concomitant use of Methylene Blue with serotonergic drugs should be avoided. Another serious risk is hemolytic anemia, which is more likely to occur in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In these patients, Methylene Blue is contraindicated due to the risk of severe hemolysis , which can lead to the formation of Heinz bodies, elevated bilirubin levels, and low haptoglobin. Paradoxically, high doses of Methylene Blue can actually induce methemoglobinemia, the very condition it is used to treat. The administration of Methylene Blue in neonates carries significant risks, including hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, phototoxicity, and hemolytic anemia. Methylene Blue is also contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions to it. Its use is contraindicated during pregnancy (FDA pregnancy category X) due to the potential for fetal harm , and it should be avoided by breastfeeding women. Elderly patients with impaired kidney function may require dosage adjustments , and it is contraindicated in cases of severe renal insufficiency. Caution is also advised when using Methylene Blue in patients with hepatic impairment. Beyond serotonergic drugs, Methylene Blue can interact with other medications, including those metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it can interact with various substances. It should not be used concurrently with dapsone. Furthermore, if sodium nitrite is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, Methylene Blue should not be administered to treat the resulting methemoglobinemia, as this can reduce cyanide binding and increase toxicity .
Table 4: Known Risks, Side Effects, and Contraindications of Methylene Blue
Category
Specific Risk/Side Effect/Contraindication
Relevant Notes/Conditions
Common Side Effects
Bluish-green discoloration of urine and stool
Expected
Common Side Effects
Limb pain following IV administration
Common Side Effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Common Side Effects
Dizziness, confusion, headaches
Common Side Effects
Stained mouth or teeth
Common Side Effects
Altered sense of taste
Common Side Effects
Sweating
Common Side Effects
Burning sensation of the mouth and stomach
Common Side Effects
Restlessness, apprehension, dysgeusia
Common Side Effects
Transiently alters pulse oximeter readings
May underestimate oxygen saturation
Common Side Effects
Fall in Bispectral Index (BIS)
During surgery
Serious Risks
Serotonin Syndrome
With concomitant use of serotonergic drugs and opioids
Researchers at Harvard University announced today that they have found what appears to be a message from God written inside the human genome.
In a little-explored section of non-coding DNA, a team of top geneticists discovered a 22-word snippet of ancient Aramaic in which God confirms his existence and his role in creating life on Earth.
The message was discovered when researchers noticed strange mathematical patterns appearing within a certain section of the genome.
For Heaven’s Sake
“We knew the patterns weren’t naturally occurring,” explains Charles Watson, the lead scientist on the project, “but we couldn’t come up with any convincing explanation for them.
“On a whim, we started cross referencing the patterns with language databases,” he explains, “and we were shocked to find that the patterns corresponded to ancient Aramaic.”
Stunned by its discovery, the team contacted language experts familiar with Aramaic – the language Jesus Christ spoke in daily life.
Entirely decoded, the message reads: “Hello my children. This is Yahweh, the one true Lord. You have found creation’s secret. Now share it peacefully with the world.”
The findings will be published in the journal Nature next month, and are expected to provoke the biggest scientific controversy since Charles Darwin published his theory of natural selection in 1859.
“This doesn’t mean that the theory of evolution is wrong,” says Watson. “It’s just incomplete. It seems that in reality the Judeo-Christian god actually started the whole process.
“And instead of just telling us about natural selection, he left a hidden signature that we could find 200,000 years later when we invented the right technology. It makes total sense really.
“Before this discovery I was a committed atheist. Now I’m a devout Christian. This is exactly the kind of proof I needed to ease my doubts.”
In addition to its profound impact on science, the news is set to revolutionize the world of comparative religion.
“I think the message clearly indicates that God wants us to co-exist peacefully with our fellow human beings,” says Janice Taylor, a bishop in the Anglican Church.
However, other Christian denominations have a different interpretation of the scientists’ findings.
“Clearly this means our God is the one true God and that we should exterminate rival religions,” says Frank Page, leader of the conservative Southern Baptist Convention. “Now that we have truth on our side, I think it’s time we start a new crusade.”
With a veto-proof majority, the Missouri legislature approved a popular bill protecting private property and due process rights by banning a deeply controversial United Nations “sustainability” scheme known as UN Agenda 21. The legislation, SB 265, now heads to Democrat Governor Jay Nixon, who has not yet taken a public position on the issue.
The effort to ban Agenda 21 in Missouri, widely celebrated by activists from across the political spectrum, comes in the wake of similar moves to stop the UN plan across America. In Alabama, for example, lawmakers in both houses unanimously approved a law last year prohibiting the international “sustainable development” agenda within the state. Numerous other states are working to do the same, and multiple legislatures have adopted strongly worded resolutions blasting the program.
In Missouri, the legislation was approved 24 to 9 in the GOP-controlled Senate last month. The Republican-dominated state House of Representatives, meanwhile, approved the bill 131 to 42 on May 8, also with a slight veto-proof majority. It remains unclear whether the governor will try to stop the legislation, sign it, or simply do nothing and let it quietly become law, according to news reports.
With lawmakers able to override any potential veto, activists who supported the effort are cautiously optimistic that the state government, as well as city and county authorities, will soon be prohibited by law from implementing the controversial UN agenda in Missouri. Liberty-minded legislators, responding to strong grassroots pressure from constituents, also say the law is needed to protect the rights of citizens.
The two-page legislation is short and simple. “Neither the state of Missouri nor any political subdivision shall adopt or implement policy recommendations that deliberately or inadvertently infringe or restrict private property rights without due process, as may be required by policy recommendations originating in, or traceable to Agenda 21, adopted by the United Nations in 1992 at its Conference on Environment and Development,” the bill reads, defining political subdivisions as cities, counties, public-private partnerships, and other public entities.
If the legislation becomes law, the state government and all of its political subdivisions would also be barred from adopting or implementing any other “international law” or “ancillary plan of action” that contravenes the U.S. or Missouri constitutions. Lawmakers in the “Show-Me” State and around the country say such prohibitions are needed to protect citizens from unelected international bureaucrats seeking to impose their will on Americans — especially considering recent overt moves by the UN to broadly expand its powers on everything from guns and healthcare to the environment and welfare.
The Missouri bill ends with a ban on cooperating with UN allies involved in pushing the controversial agenda. “Since the United Nations has accredited and enlisted numerous nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations to assist in the implementation of its policies relative to Agenda 21 around the world, the state of Missouri and all political subdivisions are prohibited from entering into any agreement with, expending any sum of money for, receiving funds from, contracting services from, or giving financial aid to those nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations as defined in Agenda 21,” it states.
While the UN plot has not been ratified by the U.S. Senate as required by the Constitution, it has been quietly creeping into states and local communities with prodding and bribes from the federal executive branch. “Here in Arizona, Agenda 21 is slowly creeping into the state,” popular Arizona state Sen. Judy Burges, a Republican who sponsored similar legislation in her state, told The New American recently. “It has its tentacles in everything from the schools to local government all the way up to the state.”
Also key to foisting the agenda on communities are “non-governmental organizations” (NGOs), such as the Germany-based ICLEI, formerly known as the International Council of Local Environmental Initiatives. During an interview with The New American in Rio last June at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, ICLEI President David Cadman said he did not understand opposition to Agenda 21 and did not believe state governments could ban it. If Missouri’s legislation becomes law, however, all state and local agencies will be barred from working with his controversial organization.
“This is truly a bill that’s going to help protect Missourians and their private property rights,” said Missouri Rep. Lyle Rowland, a Republican who sponsored the legislation. “Just because Agenda 21 hasn’t been approved by the federal government — there’s a lot of things that we get hit with that there hasn’t been any legislation passed on.” Numerous other lawmakers echoed those sentiments, saying it was important to defend the rights of citizens from unconstitutional assaults.
As has become typical in the increasingly fierce nationwide battle, some Democrat politicians opposed the bill, mostly citing bizarre arguments that revealed a profound and troubling ignorance of the entire subject. House Democrat Leader Jake Hummel, for example, apparently woefully uninformed about Agenda 21 and UN sustainability schemes, absurdly compared the effort to protect private property rights, due process, and state sovereignty with regulating extraterrestrials.
“Could we talk about space aliens coming down? That could happen,” he said, drawing a swift rebuke from better-educated legislators. “Do you think we should waste time on a mythical thing?” It was not immediately clear whether Rep. Hummel was unaware of the existence of Agenda 21, which is touted all over the UN’s websites, or was simply engaged in a strange attempt at humor or ridicule by feigning ignorance.
Of course, many Democrats have supported efforts to stop Agenda 21 — in Alabama, every lawmaker voted to support a similar bill. Still, some rabidly pro-UN, big government-supporting lawmakers have also resorted to childish jokes, suggesting either that the UN plan does not exist or that it is actually just a harmless “non-binding” agreement. The international body, however, actually offers a concise summary of the massive plan on its website that has sparked alarm among lawmakers and activists nationwide.
“Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts (sic) on the environment,” the UN admits on its website. Even the relatively tame summary has sparked suspicions from analysts, who point out that virtually every aspect of human existence has some “impact” on the “environment.” The UN even claims, for example, that carbon dioxide — a gas exhaled by everyone on Earth and required for all plant life — is a “pollutant” in need of a global CO2 regulation regime.
If the latest legislation eventually becomes law, Missouri would be the second state after Alabama to protect private property, state sovereignty, individual liberties, and due process rights by officially banning the controversial UN program. Recent bids to ban the agenda in Arizona and Oklahomaalmost succeeded, and multiple other states are working to adopt similar laws. In addition, numerous state and county governments have adopted powerful resolutions blasting Agenda 21 as a “socialist” and “communist” plot completely at odds with American values and constitutional self-government.
While the UN has found a determined ally in much of the establishment media and among some extremist Democrats, the effort to quash Agenda 21 is gaining momentum across America. The Republican Party officially opposes it, and even liberty-minded Democrats have joined the movement to protect private property and national sovereignty. Grassroots activists, who have largely led the effort to stop UN encroachments, said the legislation in Missouri was likely just a harbinger of more major victories to come.
Alex Newman is a correspondent for The New American, covering economics, politics, and more. He can be reached at anewman@thenewamerican.com.
One group after another is denouncing the genetically modified poison on grocery store shelves, adding to the chorus of voices demanding real untainted food.
“NFC was very proud to introduce the first “Natural Only” kosher supervision,” said NFC Director Rabbi Reuven Flamer. “It’s a logical application of our principle, ‘Start Naturally. Stay that Way.’ Therefore, the Natural Apple K cannot be placed on a product that contains GMOs,” Flamer explained.
“While according to the strict letter of Kosher food law a GMO food ingredient is not prohibited, in our view it is not natural. Additionally, there is a Torah (religious)-based law to ‘guard your health’. GMOs are the number-one growing concern among health-conscious consumers and for businesses in the natural and organic food market, as well as in the conventional food industry,” said Rabbi Flamer.
“Recent studies show that GMOs may cause various kinds of health problems from digestive disturbances to food allergies, and that GMOs require more herbicides, which is really the opposite reason why GMOs were touted to be so environmentally helpful in the first place,” Rabbi Flamer added. “For all of the many reasons that GMOs raise a red flag, consumers simply don’t want them in their foods, and our clients want to accommodate their customers.”
Over the next 12 months, the company will phase out the certification of any product that contains GMO ingredients, and will no longer accept applications for certification of products that contain GMOs.
NFC has numerous natural food certification programs, including USDA Organic certification, Kosher certification (under the “Apple K” label), Vegan certification, and Gluten Guard, a gluten-free assurance program.
Each product submitted by a manufacturer for approval is carefully analyzed. The press release explains the process for all of the certification categories. ”The process may include, but is not limited to, a request and review of the ingredient deck including country of origin andcertificate of analysis, product testing, as well as inspection of manufacturing facilities.”
Whether or not your faith requires you to follow the Kosher food laws, this news should be celebrated by anyone who hopes to see the demise of Monsanto and the products created by their mad scientists. While countries across the world are banning GMOs, the wheels are moving slowly in North America to even have GMOs labeled so that consumers can make an informed decision. To have a large demographic refuse to allow genetically modified material in their food is yet another volley against the corruption that is evident in the unholy alliance of the FDA and Monsanto.
The medical science is strongly in favor of THC laden hemp oil as a primary cancer therapy, not just in a supportive role to control the side effects of chemotherapy.
The International Medical Veritas Association (IMVA) is putting hemp oil on its cancer protocol. It is a prioritized protocol list whose top five items are magnesium chloride, iodine, selenium,Alpha Lipoic Acid and sodium bicarbonate. It makes perfect sense to drop hemp oil right into the middle of this nutritional crossfire of anti cancer medicines, which are all available without prescription.
Hemp oil has long been recognised as one of the most versatile and beneficial substances known to man. Derived from hemp seeds (a member of the achene family of fruits) it has been regarded as a superfood due to its high essential fatty acid content and the unique ratio of omega3 to omega6 and gamma linolenic acid (GLA) – 2:5:1. Hemp oil, is known to contain up to 5% of pure GLA, a much higher concentration than any other plant, even higher than spirulina. For thousands of years, the hemp plant has been used in elixirs and medicinal teas because of its healing properties and now medical science is zeroing in on the properties of its active substances.
Both the commercial legal type of hemp oil and the illegal THC laden hemp oil are one of the most power-packed protein sources available in the plant kingdom. Its oil can be used in many nutritional and transdermal applications. In other chapters in my Winning the War on Cancer book we will discuss in-depth about GLA and cancer and also the interesting work of Dr. Johanna Budwig. She uses flax seed oil instead of hemp oil to cure cancer – through effecting changes in cell walls – using these omega3 and omega6 laden medicinal oils.
Actually there is another way to use medical marijuana without smoking the leaf. According to Dr. Tod H. Mikuriya, “The usual irritating and toxic breakdown products of burning utilized with smoking are totally avoided with vaporization. Extraction and inhaling cannabinoid essential oils below ignition temperature of both crude and refined cannabis products affords significant mitigation of irritation to the oral cavity, and tracheobronchial tree from pyrollytic breakdown products.[iii]
Rick Simpson, the man in the documentary below, has been making hemp oil and sharing it with friends and neighbors without charging for it. In small doses, he says, it makes you well without getting you high. “Well you can’t deny your own eyes can you?” Simpson asks. “Here’s someone dying of cancer and they’re not dying anymore. I don’t care if the medicine comes from a tomato plant, potato plant or a hemp plant, if the medicine is safe and helps and works, why not use it?” he asks.
When a person has cancer and is dying this question reaches a critical point. The bravery of Rick Simpson from Canada in showing us how to make hemp oil for ourselves offers many people a hope that should be increasingly appreciated as money dries up for expensive cancer treatments. We are going to need inexpensive medicines in the future and there is nothing better than the ones we can make reasonably cheaply ourselves.
For most people in the world it is illegal so the choice could come down to breaking the law or dying. There is no research to indicate what advantages oral use of hemp oil vs. vaporization but we can assume that advantage would be nutritional with oral intake. Dr. Budwig Below work would sustain this point of view especially for cancer patients.
The Science
According to Dr. Robert Ramer and Dr. Burkhard Hinz of the University of Rostock in Germany medical marijuana can be an effective treatment for cancer.[v] Their research was published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access on December 25th of 2007 in a paper entitled Inhibition of Cancer Cell Invasion by Cannabinoids via Increased Expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1.
The biggest contribution of this breakthrough discovery, is that the expression of TIMP-1 was shown to be stimulated by cannabinoid receptor activation and to mediate the anti-invasive effect of cannabinoids. Prior to now the cellular mechanisms underlying this effect were unclear and the relevance of the findings to the behavior of tumor cells in vivo remains to be determined.
Marijuana cuts lung cancer tumor growth in half, a 2007 Harvard Medical School study shows.[vi] The active ingredient in marijuana cuts tumor growth in lung cancer in half and significantly reduces the ability of the cancer to spread, say researchers at Harvard University who tested the chemical in both lab and mouse studies.
This is the first set of experiments to show that the compound, Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), inhibits EGF-induced growth and migration in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressing non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Lung cancers that over-express EGFR are usually highly aggressive and resistant to chemotherapy. THC that targets cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 is similar in function to endocannabinoids, which are cannabinoids that are naturally produced in the body and activate these receptors.
“The beauty of this study is that we are showing that a substance of abuse, if used prudently, may offer a new road to therapy against lung cancer,” said Anju Preet, Ph.D., a researcher in the Division of Experimental Medicine. Acting through cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, endocannabinoids (as well as THC) are thought to play a role in variety of biological functions, including pain and anxiety control, and inflammation.
Researchers reported in the August 15, 2004 issue of Cancer Research, the journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, that marijuana’s constituents inhibited the spread of brain cancer in human tumor biopsies.[vii] In a related development, a research team from the University of South Florida further noted that THC can also selectively inhibit the activation and replication of gamma herpes viruses. The viruses, which can lie dormant for years within white blood cells before becoming active and spreading to other cells, are thought to increase one’s chances of developing cancers such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease.[viii]
In 1998, a research team at Madrid’s Complutense University discovered that THC can selectively induce programmed cell death in brain tumor cells without negatively impacting surrounding healthy cells. Then in 2000, they reported in the journal Nature Medicine that injections of synthetic THC eradicated malignant gliomas (brain tumors) in one-third of treated rats, and prolonged life in another third by six weeks.[ix]
Led by Dr. Manuel Guzman the Spanish team announced they had destroyed incurable brain cancer tumors in rats by injecting them with THC. They reported in the March 2002 issue of “Nature Medicine” that they injected the brains of 45 rats with cancer cells, producing tumors whose presence they confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On the 12th day they injected 15 of the rats with THC and 15 with Win-55,212-2 a synthetic compound similar to THC.[x]
Researchers at the University of Milan in Naples, Italy, reported in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics that non-psychoactive compounds in marijuana inhibited the growth of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and selectively targeted and killed malignant cells through apoptosis. “Non-psychoactive CBD produce[s] a significant anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting a possible application of CBD as an antineoplastic agent.”[xi]
The first experiment documenting pot’s anti-tumor effects took place in 1974 at the Medical College of Virginia at the behest of the U.S. government. The results of that study, reported in an Aug. 18, 1974, Washington Post newspaper feature, were that marijuana’s psychoactive component, THC, “slowed the growth of lung cancers, breast cancers and a virus-induced leukemia in laboratory mice, and prolonged their lives by as much as 36 percent.”[xii]
Funded by the National Institute of Health to find evidence that marijuana damages the immune system, found instead that THC slowed the growth of three kinds of cancer in mice — lung and breast cancer, and a virus-induced leukemia. The DEA quickly shut down the Virginia study and all further cannabis/tumor research even though the researchers “found that THC slowed the growth of lung cancers, breast cancers and a virus-induced leukemia in laboratory mice, and prolonged their lives by as much as 36 percent.”
“Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids,” an article in a 1975 Journal of the National Cancer Institute reports, “Lewis lung adenocarcinoma growth was retarded by the oral administration of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinol (CBN)” — two types of cannabinoids, a family of active components in marijuana. “Mice treated for 20 consecutive days with THC and CBN had reduced primary tumor size.”
Marijuana relieves pain that narcotics like morphine and OxyContin
have hardly any effect on, and could help ease suffering from
illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes and cancer.[xiii]
According to Devra Davis in her book Secret History of the War on Cancer, 1.5 million lives have been lost because Americans failed to act on existing knowledge about the environmental causes of cancer. It is impossible to calculate the added deaths from suppressed ‘cancer cures’ but we do know of the terrible suffering of hundreds of thousands of people who have been jailed for marijuana use.
Hemp oil with THC included has the making of a primary cancer treatment, which even alone seems to have a great chance of turning the tide against cancer tumors. It has the added advantage of safety, ease of use, lack of side effects and low cost if one makes it oneself. Surrounded by other medicinal anti-cancer substances in a full protocol it’s hard to imagine anyone failing and falling in their war on cancer.
THC should be included in every cancer protocol.
Sodium bicarbonate is another excellent anti tumor substance that reduces tumors but is much more difficult to administer than THC hemp oil. Cannabinoids are able to pass through all barriers in the body like Alpha Lipoic Acid so simple oral intake is sufficient. With bicarbonate we need intravenous applications and often even this is not sufficient, often we have to use catheters and few doctors in the world are willing to administer this way.
In the end all cancer treatments that are not promoted by mainstream oncology are illegal. No licensed doctor is going to claim that are curing cancer with sodium bicarbonate though they will treat people with cancer explaining they are balancing pH or some other metabolic profile with this common emergency room medicine found also most kitchens of the world. More than several states have passed laws making medical marijuana legal but the federal government will not relax and let people be free to choose their treatments even if their lives depend on it.
Davis notes that the cowardice of research scientists, who publish thoroughly referenced reports but pull their punches at the end, by claiming that more research needs to be done before action can be taken. Statements like these are exploited by industry that buys time to make much more money. It is a deliberate attempt that creates wholesale public doubt from small data gaps and remaining scientific uncertainties.
They have done that with everything right up to and including sunlight. Everything is thought to be dangerous except the pharmaceutical drugs which are the most dangerous substances of all. Stomach wrenching chemotherapy and the death principle of radiation are legal yet safe THC laden hemp oil is not.
It is legal for doctors to attack people with their poisons but you can go to jail for trying to save yourself or a loved one from cancer with the oil of a simple garden weed. Our civilization has put up with this insanity but there is a great price being paid. In a mad medical world people die that need not and this is a terrible sadness that has destroyed the integrity and ethics of modern medicine.
The science for the use of hemp oil is credible, specific fact-based, and is documented in detail.[xiv] There is absolutely no reason to not legalize medical marijuana and create an immediate production and distribution of THC hemp oil to cancer patients. Unfortunately we live in a world populated with governments and medical henchmen who would rather see people die cruel deaths then have access to a safe and effect cancer drug.
Meanwhile the Food and Drug Administration approved Genentech’s best-selling drug, Avastin, as a treatment for breast cancer, in a decision, according to the New York Times, “that appeared to lower the threshold somewhat for approval of certain cancer drugs. The big question was whether it was enough for a drug temporarily to stop cancer from worsening — as Avastin had done in a clinical trial — or was it necessary for a drug to enable patients to live longer, which Avastin had failed to do. Oncologists and patient advocates were divided, in part because of the drug’s sometimes severe side effects.”[xv]
The differences between Avastin and hemp oil are huge. First Avastin will earn Genentech hundreds of millions where THC hemp oil will earn no one anything. Second there are no severe or even mild side effects to taking hemp oil and lastly it is not a temporary answer but a real solution. Certainly hemp oil will ensure a longer life.
English: The official NASA seal. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
It looks like Project Blue Beam is in the works to be fired up and ready to go Hot!
Yes Friends it looks like Project Blue Beam is going Hot! Don’t be fooled by the New World Order Illuminati controlled False Flag attempted UFO invasion. We know the game plan and we have our eyes on your every move NWO Scum!
The infamous NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration] Blue Beam Project has four different steps in order to implement the new age religion with the Antichrist at its head. We must remember that the new age religion is the very foundation for the new world government, without which religion the dictatorship of the new world order is completely impossible. I’ll repeat that: Without a universal belief in the new age religion, the success of the new world order will be impossible! That is why the Blue Beam Project is so important to them, but has been so well hidden until now.
Engineered Earthquakes & Hoaxed ‘Discoveries’
The first step in the NASA Blue Beam Project concerns the breakdown [re-evaluation] of all archaeological knowledge. It deals with the set-up, with artificially created earthquakes at certain precise locations on the planet, of supposedly new discoveries which will finally explain to all people the “error” of all fundamental religious doctrines. The falsification of this information will be used to make all nations believe that their religious doctrines have been misunderstood for centuries and misinterpreted. Psychological preparations for that first step have already been implemented with the film, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey;’ the StarTrek series, and ‘Independence Day;’ all of which deal with invasions from space and the coming together of all nations to repel the invaders. The last films, ‘Jurrassic Park,’ deals with the theories of evolution, and claim God‘s words are lies.http://i.am/jah/evolut.htm
Hoaxed “Discoveries’
What is important to understand in the first step is that those earthquakes will hit at different parts of the world where scientific and archaeological teachings have indicated that arcane mysteries have been buried. By those types of earthquakes, it will be possible for scientists to rediscover those arcane mysteries which will be used to discredit all fundamental religious doctrines. This is the first preparation for the plan for humanity because what they want to do is destroy the beliefs of all Christians and Muslims on the planet. To do that, they need some false ‘proof’ from the far past that will prove to all nations that their religions have all been misinterpreted and misunderstood.
The Big Space Show in the Sky
The second step in the NASA Blue Beam Project involves a gigantic ‘space show’ with three-dimensional optical holograms and sounds, laser projection of multiple holographic images to different parts of the world, each receiving a different image according to predominating regional national religious faith. This new ‘god’s’ voice will be speaking in all languages. In order to understand that, we must study various secret services’ research done in the last 25 years. The Soviet’s have perfected an advanced computer, even exported them, and fed them with the minute physio-psychological particulars based on their studies of the anatomy and electromechanical composition of the human body, and the studies of the electrical, chemical and biological properties of the human brain. These computers were fed, as well, with the languages of all human cultures and their meanings. The dialects of all cultures have been fed into the computers from satellite transmissions. The Soviets began to feed the computers with objective programs like the ones of the new messiah. It also seems that the Soviets – the new world order people – have resorted to suicidal methods with the human society by allocating electronic wavelengths for every person and every society and culture to induce suicidal thoughts if the person doesn’t comply with the dictates of the new world order.
This last week, reports of Chinese naval vessels off the US coast, Northern Californian in particular, have been reported but denied.
Now an Asian intelligence agency reports that a combined fleet operation between the US and China has been going on, a full combat operation against what we are told is a “highly unfriendly extra-terrestrial threat.”
The verifications of the fleet operations have been many, there have been no confirmations from the US side though the ships have been seen by every vessel that makes it offshore. The true nature of both the threat and the extent of the multinational military force used is beyond any imaginable classification level.
Rumors:
Extraterrestrial craft are operating from underwater bases.
Advanced US sub-orbital weapons platforms represented as “tested” have actually been deployed from Vandenburg Air Force Base. These are armed with energy weapons.
UFO tracking has been moved from conventional to nano-technology with microscopic sensors being used to detect behaviors such as dimensional rifts and distortions in time, things only discussed in TV shows like Fringe and X Files. (all Fox oddly enough)
The actual classified memo on very short distribution mentions only the following:
Opposition is extraterrestrial and extremely aggressive and unfriendly
The threat represents a “clear and present danger” and is isolated to the Pacific Basin
China is forced to carry US responsibility because our own naval capability is sitting in the Persian Gulf when America is under a very real threat.
Attempts to seek confirmations or to directly verify these operations will lead to fatal consequences.
Our confirmations limit us to this response which I have chosen to represent in a highly deniable form out of personal interest. Others in the US have better information and sources and have been silenced with warnings only.
As to this being a total “hose job,” I don’t see any advantage in it.
For several months earlier this year, there had been disclosures tied to the UFO issue. One real sighting had been made over South Korea.
After that, the internet had been flooded, yes, Google’s “YouTube” with manufactured phony UFO videos, some of “beyond next generation” quality.
All information given on how UFO video or photos are analyzed is totally false, childishly so, especially that from the UFO “networks.” They are professionally “self discrediting.”
About 6 weeks ago, a “study group” was appointed out of NATO and another one in Asia to look at the pattern of UFO videos. A decision was made to aggressively investigate one or more groups.
Being aggressively investigated on such an issue is not recommended.
I would love to be more entertaining, invent things, speculate or, perhaps, include some fascinating videos.
I either have to give this a 70% or reclassify a reliable official source as purposefully leaking something that makes no sense. My suggestion is that readers follow other stories for verifications or information that would help in some way, add it to the comment section and see if we can get a better grip on what may well be an extremely dangerous situation.
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I have had one implied threat, which is almost laughable as I am a board member of a multinational defense firm larger than most armies. I have also had several contact of a very suspicious nature, had one verified Homeland Security computer attack which the software the DOD supplied me with caught, quite embarrassing also.
Then, yesterday, Press TV in Iran called on my wife’s mobile. It flashed US Government for a second. It seems DHS’s bugging capability crashed.
If they hire us, I am sure we can fix that for them.
It’s looking like more and more everyday like we are living in the end of days! From the Bullying of a 68 year old, Greece NY School Bus Monitor , Fluoride in the tap water, GMO Cancer causing foods, Micro chipping of whole countries to the Agnda 21 Global depopulation plan! The Bible says that God destroyed the Earth the first time because the people where Evil all the time! “And God saw, that the wickednes of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually..” Genesis 6:5Are we as a world on the verge of total depravity, is there any hope for man kind will we be given a reprieve like the city of Nineveh that was given a second chance or shale we suffer like the City’s of Sodom and Gomorrah to be burned by fire?
You see I live in Rochester NY the place that the Bullying of a 68 year old, Greece NY School Bus Monitor took place and it seems like no big deal to people like its just another story in the News! This is asham I am ashamed of New York State and its state of affairs! Looks like Brave New Schools (Satan’s public school system) is working overtime! “Danno, like the saying goes”Don’t Judge Me Until You Have Walked In My Shoes”. There ya go, blog about how judgemental people are! You know my situation! Don’t even get me started on that one!” Jenny Conley If some one would teach these children not to be so judgmental then this kinda thing would not be happening! Just get them disciplined!
People have forgotten how to care they are afraid of the government or they think that someone is going to call the Cops if they step out of line and say that those rotten ass kids should get all their asses beaten by a big wooden spoon or the belt. DCFS Monsters! (CPS are as ruthless as Al Capone’s gang!) I got a whopped when I was a kid and so did lots of other kids! I’m not talking about child abuse I’m talking about a good old fashion wood shed moment! “Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol.”Proverbs 23:13-14 It look like these kid were left alone by the government parents “The rod and reproof give wisdom, but a child left to himself brings shame to his mother.” Proverbs 29:15 “Whoever spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is diligent to discipline him.” Proverbs 13:24
We need to go back to our roots back to the good old days! Back to when if you screwed up you would have the fear of God in your heart knowing you were going to feel the pain on your ASS as dad or mom laid a hand on you bare ASS!
“If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and, though they discipline him, will not listen to them, then his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to the elders of his city at the gate of the place where he lives, and they shall say to the elders of his city, ‘This our son is stubborn and rebellious; he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton and a drunkard.’ Then all the men of the city shall stone him to death with stones. So you shall purge the evil from your midst, and all Israel shall hear, and fear. Deuteronomy 21:18-21
I’m not saying that we as a society should kill the rebelling child but that we as a community are responsible for the actions of each other. Yes I believe we are are Brothers Keeper! If we are to be the keepers of our brother then it is our duty to see that these children are disciplined! “For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”Romans 13:4
Hebrews 12:6-7 For the Lord disciplines the one he loves, and chastises every son whom he receives.” It is for discipline that you have to endure. God is treating you as sons. For what son is there whom his father does not discipline?
William Benton, Assistant U.S. Secretary of State at UNESCO 1946:
(UNESCO is the United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization)
“As long as a child breathes the poisoned air of nationalism, education in world-mindedness can produce only precarious results. As we have pointed out, it is frequently the family that infects the child with extreme nationalism.
The schools therefore use the means described earlier to combat family attitudes that favor jingoism (nationalism)…we shall presently recognize in nationalism the major obstacle to development of world mindedness.
We are at the beginning of a long process of breaking down the walls of national sovereignty. UNESCO must be the pioneer.” (Emphasis mine throughout)
“The thing that made America refined and cultured and decent and honorable was the Gospel of Jesus Christ. And if we leave that, it doesn’t matter how many degrees we have, how many colleges, how many universities. Listen! If you leave the salt out, you can’t have salt, you can’t savor. So we have left out that which has savored, and now we find ourselves a heathen nation.
Look! We are just as lawless today as they were in Wyatt Earp’s day. Isn’t that true? Listen, twenty years ago when we heard of what was going on in South America and Europe, with the demonstrations and riots and folk being shot in the streets and a person’s life endangered when he got outside his own house, we thought of pagan, heathen countries doing that. And we were right. Nations are pagan and heathen when they do that. Now the honest truth is, we face tonight a moral breakdown and deterioration, and we face paganism and anarchy. Why? Because we have followed the time-tested pattern of deterioration. Enough of that.” by Pastor Jack Hyles (1926-2001)
People all around me seem to be in a Zombie like state of mind “the docility of the tap water drinkers. ;)” Mario Colunio Can you say Fluoride! “Oh yeah, fluoridated everything it seems anymore. The city of Wichita, Ks. is trying to sell it to the public as the best available option to cleanse their water supply, the totally ignorant people will go for it I am sure …. and when it comes to the bottled water everyone just seems to need so badly, no one knows how high an amount of fluoride or anything else is being added to it, as bottled water is totally unregulated !!” Nicholas Petty Its as though people are willfully ignorant and do not care to know the truth”The apathy of the ignorant :)” Nicholas Petty
The good news it that (NaturalNews) The year 2011 just might go down in history as the year that initiated the end of artificial water fluoridation. Nearly three million people living in 37 different North America communities will no longer be forcibly medicated with synthetic fluoride chemicals via their public water supplies, thanks to a groundswell of dedicated citizens and city council members that fought popular myths about fluoride with scientific truth — and won! Hundreds of brave dentists speak out against water fluoridation… from around the world, many of whom formerly supported water fluoridation, are now boldly. … ofwater fluoridation, when so many cities and towns across the US removed it!
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/034489_fluoridation_communities_water_supply.html#ixzz1yadI194x
We have all seen Science Fiction movies about mad scientist trying to control the world! Well there have been annual international science meetings on the brain chip – the first one being held at Loyola University, Louisiana, in 2001. Scientists attending these meetings have said that the brain chip is ready, and that it is now just a matter of conditioning the public to accept them. They said that one way in which this would be achieved – not could be, would be – is by having them programmed in and promoted in movies, books and children’s TV shows . We have had movies like The Final Cut, Total Recall, and The Manchurian Candidate featuring brain chips. And in 2006 we saw James Bond being chipped in Casino Royale, although not with a brain chip – yet!
There are many other movies featuring microchip implants, to varying degrees e.g. Demolition Man, A Beautiful Mind, and other movies featuring brain chips e.g. Johnny Mnemonic, South Park The Movie. There have also been movies incorporating technology which interacts with the brain to create an alternate reality e.g. eXistenZ, The Lawnmower Man and The Matrix trilogy.
Are people being tricked into being like the man made Zombie Cats? There is an agenda to have the population implanted with microchips, and ultimately, with brainchips that control your every thought and action! Most people don’t even realise that they are actually witnessing a long-term agenda unfolding in their own lifetime. Mind control through Trauma and microwave frequencies is a reality today …Here is proof they could see through a Cats eyes long ago. Their brain functions can be remotely monitored by supercomputers and with the help of satellites, (or even without the microchip, according to the latest technology Again Mind control by U.S. Government “Hey Daniel, it may be a it late for this, but here goes anyway …………. Trans-humanism, it fits in well with Zombie Cats :) Little did people know that the movie ” The Island of Dr. Moreau ” is actually true (Plum Island) !!!!”Nicholas Petty Yes is true friends United Nations Envisions Transhumanist Future Where Man is Obsolete sounds Crazy but these people are crazy!
Again the Bible predicts this vary thing our world and society is faced with, its the vary decision to sell your soul to the Satan?
The Food and Drug Administration gave its approval for an implantable microchip to be used for medical purposes. This paves the way for the prophecies in the Bible’s Book of Revelation which foretold about a coming mark that would be put into everyone’s right hand or forehead. The book of Revelation was written by John the Prophet about 2000 years ago and now the technology has come out in the last few years to make this happen.
This will be the One World Leaders Mark, also called the AntiChrist Mark, or the Mark of the Beast, and all those who receive it will be doomed to hell, with no turning back, once you have received his Mark! If you do not receive his mark, you will not be allowed to buy or sell anything! Then, the World Ruler will begin to put people to death for not receiving his mark, perhaps because you will be labeled a radical or a terrorist! The Bible warns us that those of our own households will turn against us. The Bible also talks about a deceiving spirit that will cause unbelievers to harden their hearts against anyone who tries to warn them against receiving the Mark in their right hand or their forehead.
Then Micah offers some good advice for those left behind. Or those still alive during this time!
Micah 7:5-7: Do not trust in a friend; do not put your confidence in a guide (leader). Guard the doors of your mouth from her that lies in your bosom. For the son dishonors the father, the daughter rises against her mother, the daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law; a man’s enemies are the men of his own house. Therefore I will look to the Lord; I will wait for the God of my salvation; my God will hear me.
More than 30 countries, from Italy to Malaysia, have already introduced “smart” ID cards such as this one. Foreign visitors who now visit the United States are expected to have this kind of card to be able to enter the country. Bible says that God destroyed the Earth the first time
It was reported in the January 9, 2007 issue of “The Canadian” in an article by Lucien Desjardins that doctors in the United States and Europe are secretly moving to have the microchip implanted in newborns. It was revealed by a Dr. Kilde that then Prime Minister Olof Palme of Sweden had already given permission back in 1973 to implant prisoners, and Data Inspection’s ex-Director General Jan Freese revealed that nursing-home patients were implanted in the mid-1980s.
One bad thing about having a microchip implanted in oneself is that fact that you could then be followed anywhere in the world. According to Dr. Kilde, “Today’s microchips operate by means of low-frequency radio waves that target them. With the help of satellites, the implanted person can be tracked anywhere on the globe.” According to Dr. Kilde, brain functions can also be remotely monitored by supercomputers and even altered through the changing of frequencies.
Last but not least the USA Terminator drones because they love you so much they need to protect you from the bad man! Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. Benjamin Franklin, Yea that about says it all! In Genesis, God clearly told Adam and Eve, and then Noah and his family to go forth and multiply to fill the earth. Nowhere in the Bible does God rescind that clearly spoken commandment. The Drones are all part of the Agenda 21 depopulation plan for the best solutions information you must find: Doyel Shamleyhttp://www.hourofthetime.com/wordpresstest/?p=5848
Agenda 21… The ‘Planned’ Depopulation Project… It’s Happening at Stealth Speed… Right Before Your Eyes!
AN EXAMPLE OF THE ENIGMATIC MURALS LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE MAIN TERMINAL AT THE DENVER NEW WORLD AIRPORT. THIS ONE LOCATED BY A BAGGAGE CLAIM PORTRAYS A FUTURISTIC MILITARISTIC FIGURE WEARING A GAS MASK AND OPPRESSING AN ENDLESS LINE OF DISTRAUGHT PEOPLE. CHEMICAL WARFARE, MARTIAL LAW, INNUMERABLE DEAD CHILDREN…WHAT IS THERE NOT TO LIKE ABOUT THIS PICTURE? WHY DOES THE TERM TERMINAL TAKE ON SUCH A SPOOKY CONNOTATION AT THE DENVER AIRPORT???
Yes, I know all this sounds like a plot from a science fiction novel. But it is actually real. 178 nations have signed on to Agenda 21. “Eco-prophets” such as Al Gore travel all over the world teaching us how wonderful “sustainable development” will be. This agenda is being pushed in our schools, at our universities, on our televisions and in our movies.
So exactly what is Agenda 21? The following is how the United Nations defines Agenda 21….
Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment.
When you start doing deep research into Agenda 21, you will find that describing it as a “comprehensive plan” is an understatement. Virtually all forms of human activity impact the environment. The rabid “environmentalists” behind the green agenda intend to take all human activity and put it into a box called “sustainable development”.
One of the key elements of “sustainable development” is population control. The United Nations (along with radical “environmental” leaders such as Al Gore) actually believes that there are far too many people on earth.
So what is the solution?
Sadly, they actually believe that we need to start reducing the population.
Our mission is to defend the US Constitution, Bill of Rights, “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” by the way of grassroots Educational campaigns and political activity.
America must remain Independent!
Say NO to Global Governance!
Say NO to Agenda 21!
Agenda 21 gives the United Nations the
Right to Global Governance of the
United States of America.
This action will terminate your rights to
Freedom of Choice
“Individual rights will have to take a back seat to the collective.” Harvey Ruvin, Vice Chairman, ICLEI. The Wildlands Project Is this guy talking about America? Yes, sadly he is! Educate yourself Say NO to AGENDA 21! It’s coming to a town near you!
“Participating in a UN advocated planning process would very likely bring out many of the conspiracy- fixated groups and individuals in our society… This segment of our society who fear ‘one-world government’ and a UN invasion of the United Statesthrough which our individual freedom would be stripped away would actively work to defeat any elected official who joined ‘the conspiracy’ by undertaking LA21. So we call our process something else, such as Sustainable development, comprehensive planning, growth management or smart growth.” J. Gary Lawrence, advisor to President Clinton’s Council on Sustainable Development.
What can You Do?
1. Educate fellow Americans, Reprint this brochure hand out!
2. Join Anti New World Order Party Contact, Your DC Reps
3. Network, Organize, and Show up at Town Halls to Voice your opinions!
people.bethel.edu/~kisrob/hon301k/project/Final/mind_control.htmMind control is a very apparent and quickly developing area of science, one that merits … studiesÉdone in a remote situation'” (Budiansky, Goode, and Gest, 1994). … The area of microchip identification is an area of neurology that has been commercially implemented in the status quo through animal and pet identification.
AULT cite as 67 F.R.D. 124 (1974): Electromagnetic and Mind Control … 1960s claim ofmind control experiment; 2006 Book, Remote Control, The Battle For Your … The tiny surge of electricity in the cat’s hypothalamus, a part of the limbic …..Mind control, Microwave and electromagnetics frequencies, Injectable Microchips.
Jul 18, 2011 – The term “Mind control” basically means covert attempts to influence the thoughts … This is actually a very sophisticated form of remote technological torture that … They use Echelon, Tempest, microchips, implants, see through wall radar, …harmonics (which have been used as a mind control technique), ..
Mind control through Trauma and microwave frequencies is a reality today … Here is proof they could see through a Cats eyes long ago and when ever ….. Their brain functions can be remotely monitored by supercomputers and …. With the help of satellites, (or even without the microchip, according to the latest technology) …
Please, note: even though this web site deals with purely technical matters and it has absolutely nothing to do with any politics, it might still be considered being “politically incorrect”. So, a possibility exists that this site could be removed one day by authorities and such a prospect can not be ignored. If so happens, you would be able to find a reference to a new source here: www.911thology.cn (note, it is a *.cn domain, not *.com ), or you could search the Internet by ‘9/11thology’ keyword and you would always find some related info.
This article describes a general concept of nuclear demolition of skyscrapers – particularly in connection with known thermo-nuclear demolition schemes of the World Trade Center in New York and that of the Sears Tower in Chicago. Though, the current article does not deal with any exact details of implementation of this concept in regard to these particular structures, but provides rather general knowledge on this subject. Besides, this article does not consider any conspiracy behind nuclear demolition of the WTC on 9/11, neither does it consider any moral aspect of this issue – such as ground zero clean-up works and so on – it aims to explain its purely technical aspect. However, there are other articles available in the Internet that describe the WTC nuclear demolition scheme in more or less exact detail, as well as articles that describe particular conspiracy in regard to the actual WTC demolition – links to these articles are available at the end of the current description.Nuclear demolition of skyscrapers was patented by “ Controlled Demolition Inc.” – the most renowned demolition company that deals with controlled demolition of buildings, and especially with controlled demolition of skyscrapers. The same company was a primary designer of nuclear demolition projects of the World Trade Center in New York and of the Sears Tower in Chicago.
The author of this article – Dimitri A. Khalezov, a former officer the Soviet nuclear intelligence, officially known as the Special Control Service of the 12th Chief Directorate of the Defense Ministry.
Part 1. Brief history. Atomic demolition.
Initial idea to use nuclear devices in demolishing various constructions was born almost simultaneously with an appearance of actual nuclear weapons in the beginning of 50s. At first nuclear munitions were not called “nuclear”, but “atomic”, so a concept of demolition using these munitions was called accordingly – “atomic demolition”. These words managed to survive and despite renaming former atomic weapons into “nuclear weapons”, words “atomic demolition” could still be encountered today in names of special engineering devices – SADM and MADM. The first one stands for “Special Atomic Demolition Munitions”, the second – for “Medium Atomic Demolition Munitions”, while many people mistakenly believe that SADM means “Small Atomic Demolition Munitions”, rather than “Special”.In fact, there would not be a big mistake to call them “small” instead of “special”, because SADM are indeed “small” – their nuclear explosive yields usually does not exceed 1 kiloton in TNT equivalent. Considering that all modern SADM have variable yields that could be set at as low as 0.1 kiloton, and sometimes even at 0.01 kiloton (equivalents to 100 and 10 metric tons of TNT respectively), they deserve to be called “small” munitions. Other popular names for these Small Atomic Demolition Munitions are “mini-nuke” and “suite-case nuke”, though the second one is probably not logically correct. In reality most of SADM resemble big pots weighing between 50 to 70 kilograms that could be carried as back-packs – so it is very unlikely that they could fit into any suite-case. However, there are also modern “mini-nukes” made of Plutonium-239, rather than of Uranium-235, and due to a much lower critical mass of Plutonium, their size could be significantly decreased – some latest Plutonium-based “mini-nukes” could indeed fit into an attache-case. Medium Atomic Demolition Munitions (MADM) are bigger in both – their size and their TNT yield. They could be up to 15 kiloton in TNT yield, weigh up to 200 kg and be as big as a typical large gas-cylinder for home use.Either of abovementioned atomic demolition munitions could be successfully used in demolishing large objects that could not be demolished by any reasonable amount of conventional explosives – especially in times of emergency, when there is neither time, nor a possibility to prepare their “normal” demolition by conventional means. For example, it could be bridges, dams, tunnels, some reinforced underground structures, large reinforced buildings, etc. However, an efficiency factor for such nuclear demolitions using SADM or MADM is not too high. As it is probably known, the main aim of controlled demolition of buildings by implosion method is not to actually eliminate these buildings by blowing them up and sending their parts flying around, but to bring them down neatly with the least possible damage to surroundings. For this reason engineers who prepare controlled demolitions have to first figure out exact points on buildings bearing structures and attach charges of conventional explosives to the right spots – in order to break these bearing structures. In almost all cases there would be more than one spot to attach explosives, since it is unlikely that any of such structures would have only a single supporting girder or a single supporting column that it is to be broken; at best case there would be a few of them, if not many. In case with nuclear demolition using abovementioned atomic demolition munitions it is not the case. People who suppose to use atomic munitions in case of emergency would have neither time, nor enough education to make such precise calculations as in case of a conventional controlled demolition. Maximum of what these people could have – is some basic field-engineering knowledge and some basic knowledge in regard to nuclear weapons usage. Thus, usage of atomic demolition munitions in such case is to bring down a targeted structure not “neatly”, but just anyhow and at any cost. That is why an explosive yield of atomic munitions used to demolish such structure in case of emergency in any case would be excessive, with major part of their entire explosive energy spent in vain – as in case with any other nuclear explosion. So, the major part of energy, released by a nuclear explosion of such an atomic demolition device would be spent on creating well-known factors of atomic blast: thermal radiation, air-blast wave, ionizing radiation, electro-magnetic pulse – that have nothing to do with the actual demolition task and could unlikely contribute to it. However, all these destructive factors of an atomic explosion would greatly contribute to damaging of the surroundings – and this damage could be rather extreme, definitely exceeding in its cost a cost of the actual demolition. It could be said that a nuclear demolition in the abovementioned sense would have much lower performance index compare to a precisely calculated conventional controlled demolition, since the latter one directs almost entire energy of explosives used on breaking bearing structures, rather than on creating an air-blast wave or a thermal radiation. Besides of this, an atomic demolition device itself is quite a costly thing too. At minimum, a Uranium-based “mini-nuke” costs a couple of million US dollars, if not more (a Plutonium-based one costs much more than that). Apparently, a thousand tons of TNT would cost cheaper than a 1 kiloton atomic munitions. However, it is possible to demolish quite a few buildings using 1000 tons of TNT, while it is possible to demolish only one single building (but to damage many other buildings around) using a “mini-nuke”. Considering all of this, it could be concluded that it is not an option – to use any atomic demolition munitions, either small, or medium, for demolishing any civil infrastructure in times of peace when there is enough time to prepare demolishing any of such objects nicely by conventional means. And in any case a conventional controlled demolition would be cheaper than a nuclear demolition. Mini-nukes could only be used for demolition job in case of real emergency.
Part 2. Modern history. Nuclear demolition of skyscrapers.
So, how come that this old atomic demolition concept, despite of being known to be too costly and despite of having a too low performance index compare to a conventional controlled demolition by implosion was eventually revived and even implemented in the World Trade Center nuclear demolition scheme? It happens because of a new generation of buildings has come into existence at the end of 60s – namely steel-framed buildings.Despite common misconception, there were no steel-framed skyscrapers ever been demolished by an implosion anywhere in the world. Primarily, because the most of skyscrapers are new buildings and their time to be demolished has not come yet. The tallest building ever demolished by an implosion was only 47-strories high – it was the Singer Building in New York City that was built in 1908 and demolished in 1968 due to its being obsolete. This building was a much weaker structure compare to incredibly strong hollow-tube type steel-frame skyscrapers being built today. So, despite common misconception, it is not possible to demolish a steel-frame building by a commonly known controlled demolition (implosion) scheme. In bygone days when buildings were brick-walled and concrete-panelled, their bearing structures used to be concrete supporting columns and concrete supporting girders. Sometimes these concrete bearing structures were reinforced by insertions of metal bars, but sometimes they were plain concrete. In either case it was possible to calculate right amount of conventional explosives to be attached to these bearing structures at right spots (or to be placed into holes drilled in bearing structures) in order to break them all at once and to cause the building to collapse into its footprint. However, it is no longer possible with modern steel-framed buildings – such as, for example former Twin Towers of the New Your World Trade Center, World Trade Center building # 7, or the Sears Tower in Chicago.Here is an example of steel structure of the WTC Twin Tower:
There was no any “bearing structure” in its former sense – the entire Tower was essentially a “bearing structure”. The WTC steel-frame consisted of exceptionally thick double-walled steel perimeter and core columns. This co-called “tube-frame design” was a totally new approach which allowed open floor plans rather than columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads as it was traditionally implemented in previous structures. The Twin Towers featured load-bearing perimeter steel columns (square in cross-section) positioned one meter from each other on the Towers’ facades to form an exceptionally rigid structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads (such as wind loads) and sharing the gravity load with the core columns. The perimeter structure contained 59 such columns per side. The core structure of the Tower consisted of 47 rectangular steel columns that run from the bedrock to the Towers’ tops. How such steel perimeter and core columns looked like could be seen from this picture showing some remnants of these columns as found on the ground zero after the WTC demolition following the September 11 attacks:
Note that these core (rectangular) and perimeter (square) columns did not belong to lower parts of the Twin Towers, but to their upper parts. That is why they were spared by general pulverization the Towers were subjected to during their demolitions, while virtually nothing, except microscopic dust remained of similar columns belonging to the lower parts of the Twin Tower structure.Here is one more picture (from NIST report) showing the Twin Towers perimeter columns during their construction:
These steel columns were incredibly thick – each wall measuring 2.5 inch (6.35 cm), so the entire thickness of either of the columns was 5 inch (12.7 cm). To imagine how thick this is, here is a good example to compare with: front armour of the best tank of the WWII period – T-34 – was only 1.8 inch (4.5 cm) and it was single-walled. Yet there were practically no armour-piercing artillery shell available that time that would be capable of penetrating such front armour. Of course, no explosives whatsoever would ever be able to tear throw such front armour of a tank either (except only a hollow-charge shell which would still not be able to tear a complete piece of such armour, but only to burn some narrow hole through an armour plate). Considering that the Twin Towers’ steel frames consisted of double-walled steel columns that were almost trice as thick compare to the T-34 tanks’ front amour, it would not be possible to find any solution to break such columns simultaneously in many spots in order to achieve an “implosion” effect – the basic goal of any controlled demolition. It was, of course, technically possible to break some of these columns in certain spots, using exceptionally huge amounts of hollow-charges attached to each individual column, but even such an incredible solution would not help to achieve the desired “implosion effect”. The Towers were simply too high and too rigid – their steel cores would have been simultaneously broken in too many spots on every floor, which no one could afford. And even if they could, still, such a solution would not lead to the desired effect – there would not be any guarantee that such a high-raised structure would fall strictly down to its foot print – it might as well scatter its debris as far as a quarter of a mile, considering its mere height. So, it was impossible to bring the WTC Towers down by any kind of traditional controlled demolition.The same thing could be said about the WTC building # 7 and of the Sears Tower in Chicago. Either of them was constructed using similar thick double-walled steel frame that was impossible to break at once due to reasons described above. However, in accordance with the US laws governing construction of skyscrapers buildings designers had to submit some satisfactorily demolition project before their construction project could be approved by the Department of Buildings. No one could be allowed to build a skyscraper that can’t be demolished in the future. This is the main point of the skyscrapers’ in-built nuclear demolition features. Ironically, such a nuclear demolition scheme of a skyscraper is not meant to actually demolish the respective skyscraper, especially considering that no one has any practical experience in demolishing skyscrapers by such means – it is only intended to convince the Department of Buildings to permit the skyscraper’s construction whatsoever. It appears that all designers and proponents of such nuclear demolition schemes sincerely hope that their ideas would not be put to use during their life-time.Anyhow, “Controlled Demolition Inc.” began to study possibilities of demolishing modern skyscrapers by underground nuclear explosions at the end of 60s, at request of the then New York Sate Governor Nelson Rockefeller – when it became necessary to get a legal approval from the New York Department of Buildings for the WTC Twin Towers construction. After some research, a final solution was found and approved by the Department of Buildings and “Controlled Demolition Inc.” got its nuclear demolition know-how patented.
Part 3. How does a modern nuclear demolition work?
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First of all, such a modern nuclear demolition has nothing to do with the former atomic demolition using SADM or MADM as described above. It is an entirely new concept. During modern nuclear demolition process, a demolition charge does not produce any atmospheric nuclear explosion – with its trade-mark atomic mushroom cloud, a thermal radiation and an air-blast wave. It explodes quite deep underground – much in the same sense as any nuclear charge explodes during a typical nuclear test. So, it does produce neither any air-blast wave, nor any thermal radiation, nor any penetrating radiation, nor any electro-magnetic pulse. It could cause only relatively minor harm to surroundings by an ensuing radioactive contamination, which, nonetheless, considered being a negligible factor by designers of such demolition schemes.
What is a basic difference between an atmospheric and an underground nuclear explosion? The basic difference is this. During an initial stage of a nuclear (as well as a thermo-nuclear) explosion, its entire explosive energy is being released in a form of a so-called “primary radiation” that in its main part (almost 99%) falls within X-rays spectrum (and remaining part is represented by gamma-rays spectrum that causes radiation injuries and visible spectrum that produces visible flash). So, this almost entire explosive energy represented by X-rays would be spent on heating of surrounding air at tens of meters around a hypocenter of such an explosion. It happens because X-rays can not travel too far, being consumed by surrounding air. Heating of this relatively small area around the nuclear explosion hypocenter would result in appearance of so-called “nuclear fireballs” that physically is nothing else than an extremely overheated air. These nuclear fireballs are responsible for the two main destructive factors of an atmospheric nuclear explosion – its thermal radiation and its air-blast wave, since both factors result exclusively from high temperatures of the air around a nuclear explosion. When it comes to an underground nuclear explosion, the picture is entirely different. There is no air around a small “zero-box” a nuclear charge is placed into, so an entire amount of energy instantly released by a nuclear explosion in a form of X-rays would be spent on heating of surrounding rock, instead. It would result in overheating, melting and evaporating of this rock. Disappearance of the evaporated rock would result in creation of an underground cavity, size of which directly depends on explosive yield of nuclear munitions used. You can have an idea on how much rock could disappear during an underground nuclear explosion from the below table – where quantities of evaporated and melted materials of various kinds (in metric tons) are shown on “per kiloton of yield” basis:
Rock type
Specific mass of vaporized material
(in tons per kiloton yield)
Specific mass of the melted
material (in tons per kiloton yield)
Dry granite
69
300 (±100)
Moist tuff (18-20% of water)
72
500 (± 150)
Dry tuff
73
200 – 300
Alluvium
107
650 (±50)
Rock salt
150
800
Just as an example: detonation of a 150 kiloton thermo-nuclear charge buried sufficiently deep in granite rock would result in creation of a cavity measuring roughly 100 meters in diameter – such as the one shown in this picture:
All skyscrapers have their lowest foundations lying 20-30 meters beneath the Earth surface. So, it is possible to calculate a position of a “zero-box” under such a skyscraper in such a way that a nuclear explosion would produce a cavity upper end of which would not reach the Earth surface, but would reach only the lowest underground foundation of a skyscraper it intends to demolish.For example, in particular cases of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York, their lowest underground foundations were 27 meters beneath the surface. While the 150 kiloton thermo-nuclear demolition charges were positioned as depths of 77 meters (measuring from the surface), or 50 meters below their underground foundations. Such a thermo-nuclear explosion at a depth of 77 m would create an extremely overheated cavity with its upper sphere touching the lowest underground foundations of the Twin Tower it intends to demolish. But it would still be short of reaching the Earth surface by 27 meters – so surrounding structures would not to be affected by any destructive factors of this underground nuclear explosion (except by, possibly, only its radioactive contamination). The Tower that is to be demolished supposes to lose its foundations completely, and to be sucked-in into this overheated cavity, temperatures inside of which are deemed enough to melt the entire Tower. Nuclear demolition schemes of the WTC building # 7 and that of the Sears Tower in Chicago were calculated in the same way.
However, there is one more factor that is to be taken into consideration during calculation of nuclear demolition projects of skyscrapers. This is about the actual evaporated granite rock inside the cavity. Where all that former granite rock now in gaseous state supposes to go from the cavity? In fact, a picture of the physical events after an underground nuclear explosion is quite interesting. Let’s consider it.
This pictorial rendition schematically represents all important physical processes during an ideally deep (means occurred sufficiently far from the Earth surface) underground nuclear explosion. So, now it should become clear that an extreme pressure of the evaporated rock inside the cavity makes at least two important jobs: 1) it expands the actual cavity from its “primary” size to its “secondary” size; and 2) because it does this expansion at the expense of the neighboring areas of the rock, it produces two damaged zones around itself, each representing a different degree of damage. A zone immediately adjacent to the cavity in nuclear jargon is called a “crushed zone”. This zone could be as thick as a diameter of the cavity itself and it is filled with a very strange matter. Its filling is rock that is completely pulverized. It is reduced into a fine microscopic dust, an approximate particle of which is about 100 micron in size. Moreover, this particular state of material within this “crushed zone” is a very strange state – except after an underground nuclear tests it does not occurs anywhere else in nature. If you pick up a stone from this zone, but do so very gently, it might still stick together and still resemble a stone by its form and its color. However, it you only slightly press this “stone” with your fingers it will immediately crush into that complete microscopic dust it actually consists of. A second zone – next to the “crushed zone” is called a “damaged zone” in professional nuclear jargon. This “damaged zone” is filled with rock crushed to various pieces – from very small (millimeters in size), to some relatively big fragments. As closer to a border of the “crushed zone”, as smaller will be such debris, and as farther from hypocenter – as larger will be such debris. Finally, outside of the “damaged zone” border, there would be virtually no damage inflicted to surrounding rock.However, we have considered above the physical processes which are true to an “ideally deep” underground nuclear blast. When a nuclear charge is buried not sufficiently deep, a picture will be slightly different. “Damaged” and “crushed” zones will not be exactly round in the latter case. They would be rather elliptic – with their longer ends directed upwards – comparable with an egg facing upwards with its sharper end, or possibly even more ellipsoidal and sharper upwards than a typical egg. It happens because the pressure of the evaporated gases would encounter the least resistance towards the Earth surface (since it is too near), so either “crushed zone” or “damaged zone” would extend upwards farther than to any other direction. But when propagating upwards upper boundaries of the “damaged zone” and “crushed zone” encounter underground foundations of the Tower which is to be demolished, the picture would be even more different. It is because materials the Tower is built of differ from surrounding granite rock in a sense of resistance of materials. Besides, there is a lot of empty space inside the Tower, while the remaining granite rock towards the rest of directions (to either sides and downwards) is solid. So, expansion of the upper boundaries of “damaged” and “crushed” zones by the Tower’s structure will be the farthest. In case of the WTC Twin Towers or the Sears Tower the “damaged zone” could likely reach up to 350-370 meters, while “crushed zone” that follows immediately, would likely reach up to 290-310 meters. But in case of the much shorter WTC-7 its entire length will be within the “crushed zone” – so it would be pulverized completely. This ability of nuclear demolition to pulverize steel and concrete alike is one of its unique features.The picture below shows an example of that fine microscopic dust that covered all over Manhattan after the WTC demolition. Many people mistakenly believed that it was allegedly “concrete dust”. No, it was not. It was “complete” dust – mainly pulverized steel. Despite common misconception, the WTC structures did not contain much concrete. Concrete was used only in some limited quantities to make very thin floors slabs in the Twin Towers construction. It was not used anywhere else. The major part of the WTC Twin Towers was steel, not concrete. So this finest dust was in its major part represented by steel dust accordingly. Though, it was not only “steel dust” alone – it was also a “furniture dust”, “wood dust”, “paper dust”, “carpet dust”, “computer parts dust” and even “human dust”, since remaining in the Towers human beings were pulverized in the same manner as steel, concrete and furniture.
Some people might wonder – why the WTC-7 collapsed to its footprint very neatly, in its entirety, while either of the Twin Towers crushed down scattering not only dust, but even some debris to quite large distances. This question is very easy to answer – you have to look at the distribution of “crushed” and “damaged” zones along the Twin Towers structures and the answer will become obvious.
The picture below represents an approximate distribution of damages in case of a nuclear demolition of a skyscraper using a 150 kiloton thermo-nuclear charge positioned 50 meters deeper than the lowest underground foundations of a skyscraper. Don’t forget, that demolition charges in this particular case were buried not “ideally deep”, that is why forms of the “crushed” and “damaged” zones were not “ideally round” either – they were elliptic, with their sharper ends facing upwards – towards areas of the least resistance.
This particular distribution of damages along the skyscrapers structures inflicted by such a process could be better understood when you watch videos showing details of collapses of the WTC Twin Towers and the WTC-7. You can click the “Videos” button at the top panel of this page to watch these videos.It should be added also that despite an apparent insufficiency of 150 kiloton thermo-nuclear charges to pulverize the tallest skyscrapers in their entirety, charges of higher yields could not be used in nuclear demolition industry due to merely legal reasons. The problem is that in accordance with the USA – Soviet so-called “ Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976” yield of nuclear munitions used for non-military purposes was limited to 150 kiloton /per individual nuclear explosion and to maximum of 1.5 megaton aggregate yield for group explosions. So, the nuclear demolition industry has to fit into these legal frames: in case of the WTC demolition it was possible to use as many charges as necessary, but not in excess of 150 kiloton per charge. That is why the WTC nuclear demolition scheme consisted of three of such charges – with aggregate yield of 450 kiloton. For those people who have difficulty to imagine how powerful 150 kiloton is, it could be reminded that an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 was less than 20 kiloton.As it was mentioned in the beginning, this article does not describe any nuclear demolition scheme of a particular building in any exact detail, but does it rather on a conceptual level. But there is another article that describes a nuclear demolition scheme of the World Trade Center in New York in particular. It is available here: http://www.wtcnucleardemolition.comThe author of this article – Mr. Dimitri A. Khalezov, a former officer the Soviet nuclear intelligence, officially known as the Special Control Service of the 12th Chief Directorate of the Defense Ministry.
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GOOD NEWS: an interview with Dimitri Khalezov regarding the WTC nuclear demolition and 9/11 in general is now available. It contains detailed technical explanations supported by animated graphics and various contemporary 9/11 video clips. You can find download links for this presentation on the Internet by searching for Dimitri Khalezov video in Google.
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