Methylene Blue, also known by its chemical name methylthioninium chloride and commonly referred to as Swiss Blue, is a versatile compound with a rich history spanning over a century. Initially synthesized in 1876 by the German chemist Heinrich Caro, its primary application was as an aniline-based dye within the textile industry. The subsequent discovery of its unique properties led to its adoption in various scientific and medical fields, marking it as the “first fully synthetic drug used in medicine”. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Methylene Blue, encompassing its chemical identity, fundamental properties, historical and current medical uses, ongoing scientific research into potential future applications, its diverse non-medical uses, potential health benefits that are still under investigation, the known risks and side effects associated with its use, and its legal and regulatory status within the United States.
2. Chemical Identity and Fundamental Properties
2.1 Chemical Formula and Nomenclature
The chemical formula for Methylene Blue is It is important to note that Methylene Blue can also exist in a hydrated form, which contains three molecules of water per unit of the compound. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name for Methylene Blue is [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride. Beyond these formal designations, Methylene Blue is known by a variety of other common names and synonyms, including Methylthioninium chloride, Swiss Blue, Basic Blue 9, CI 52015, Urelene blue, Provayblue, Proveblue, and Methylenium ceruleum. Chemically, Methylene Blue is classified as a formal derivative of phenothiazine and belongs to the thiazine dye family. The existence of multiple names and the distinction between anhydrous and hydrated forms underscore the necessity for precision when referring to or utilizing this compound in both research and clinical settings. Subtle differences in these forms, such as solubility and stability, can influence its behavior and efficacy.
2.2 Molecular Weight and Structure
The molar mass of anhydrous Methylene Blue is approximately 319.85 g/mol, while the trihydrate form has a molar mass of 373.9 g/mol. The molecular structure of Methylene Blue is characterized by three interconnected cyclic structures. A central phenothiazine ring system is linked to sulfur and nitrogen atoms, featuring dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The molecule carries a positive charge on a nitrogen atom, which is balanced by a chloride counterion. This structural arrangement classifies Methylene Blue as a cationic heterocyclic compound. A key feature of Methylene Blue is its redox activity, which allows it to exist in two primary forms: an oxidized state, which is blue in color, and a reduced state, known as leuco-methylene blue, which is colorless. This ability to readily accept and donate electrons is fundamental to many of its biological activities, including its established use in treating methemoglobinemia and its potential role in influencing mitochondrial function.
2.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
At room temperature, Methylene Blue presents as a dark green crystalline powder, often exhibiting a bronze-like luster. When dissolved in polar solvents such as water or alcohol, it yields a characteristic deep blue solution. Its solubility varies across different solvents: it is readily soluble in water, glycerol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol; slightly soluble in pyridine; and practically insoluble in ethyl ether, oleic acid, and xylene. The specific solubility in water is reported to be around 4.36 g per 100 mL at 25°C. Notably, the solubility in solvents like DMSO and ethanol can be enhanced at elevated temperatures. The melting point of Methylene Blue is in the range of 100 to 110 °C, at which point it also begins to decompose , although some sources indicate a decomposition temperature closer to 180°C. When dissolved in water, Methylene Blue exhibits slightly acidic properties , with a 1% aqueous solution having a pH of approximately 6. The compound absorbs light maximally in the region of 664 to 670 nm. While generally stable under normal conditions, Methylene Blue is sensitive to light, which can lead to its degradation. The solubility profile of Methylene Blue is a critical factor influencing its administration and distribution within biological systems. Its light sensitivity has implications for its use in photodynamic therapy and necessitates careful storage to maintain its potency [Chain of thought: How it dissolves affects how it can be formulated (e.g., for injection vs. oral). Light degradation could impact the potency of stored solutions.].
Table 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Methylene Blue
Methylthioninium chloride, Swiss Blue, Basic Blue 9, CI 52015, etc.
Molecular Weight (Anhydrous)
319.85 g/mol
Molecular Weight (Trihydrate)
373.9 g/mol
Appearance
Dark green crystalline powder with a bronze-like luster
Solubility in Water
4.36 g/100 mL at 25°C
Solubility in Other Solvents
Soluble in glycerol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, ethanol; slightly soluble in pyridine; insoluble in ethyl ether, oleic acid, xylene
Melting Point
100 to 110 °C (decomposes)
Maximum Absorption Wavelength
664-670 nm
3. A Historical Perspective on Methylene Blue in Medicine
3.1 Early Discoveries and Applications
The journey of Methylene Blue from a textile dye to a significant medical agent began with its recognition as a valuable biological stain. In 1880, Robert Koch, a pioneer in microbiology, established its utility as a stain in medical applications, a finding corroborated and expanded upon by Paul Ehrlich. Ehrlich, in the 1890s, made a groundbreaking observation: Methylene Blue exhibited effectiveness against malaria parasites in human blood, marking it as the first fully synthetic drug to be successfully used in treating human illnesses. This discovery aligned with Ehrlich’s “magic bullet” theory, which posited that specific chemicals could selectively target and harm pathogens without damaging surrounding tissues, a revolutionary concept that laid the foundation for modern chemotherapy. During World War I, Methylene Blue also found application as an antiseptic for treating wounds, demonstrating its antimicrobial properties. It was, in fact, the first synthetic antiseptic to be used therapeutically. Historically, it was also employed in the treatment of gonorrhea and fever. These early applications highlight the initial promise and versatility of Methylene Blue in addressing various medical challenges.
3.2 Treatment of Methemoglobinemia
A significant milestone in the medical history of Methylene Blue occurred in 1933 when it was discovered to be an effective antidote for aniline-induced methemoglobinemia by Williams and Challis. Methemoglobinemia is a condition characterized by an elevated level of methemoglobin in the blood, a form of hemoglobin that cannot effectively carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. Methylene Blue works by chemically reducing the ferric iron (Fesup3+/sup) present in methemoglobin back to the ferrous iron (Fesup2+/sup) state in hemoglobin, thereby restoring the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. This mechanism has established Methylene Blue as a crucial treatment for acquired methemoglobinemia, which can be caused by exposure to certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or even broad beans in susceptible individuals. The effectiveness of Methylene Blue in this context is a testament to its direct and specific biochemical action on hemoglobin.
3.3 Other Historical Uses
Beyond its roles in malaria treatment and methemoglobinemia, Methylene Blue has been explored for various other medical applications throughout history. It was once considered a weak antimalarial agent, but its use diminished with the advent of more potent drugs like chloroquine. However, the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant malaria has led to a renewed interest in Methylene Blue as a potential component of antimalarial treatment regimens. Similarly, Methylene Blue was historically recommended as an intestinal and urinary antiseptic, although this use is no longer prevalent. Nevertheless, some sources still mention its application in treating urinary tract infections. In 1933, Matilda Brooks discovered its potential as an antidote for both cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning , although it is no longer the primary treatment for cyanide poisoning. Notably, Methylene Blue was also one of the first drugs used in the late 19th century for the treatment of patients with psychosis and played a role in the serendipitous development of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs in the mid-20th century. The varied trajectory of Methylene Blue’s medical applications reflects the continuous advancements in pharmacological science and the development of more targeted therapies. The resurgence of interest in its antimalarial properties highlights the ongoing challenges posed by drug resistance.
4. Current FDA-Approved Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
4.1 Treatment of Acquired Methemoglobinemia
The primary FDA-approved medical application of Methylene Blue is the treatment of acquired methemoglobinemia in both pediatric and adult patients. This approval underscores the established efficacy and safety of Methylene Blue for this specific condition. Several intravenous formulations are available, including ProvayBlue, which was the first methylene blue injection to receive FDA approval. Generic versions of methylene blue injection have also been approved by the FDA, enhancing the accessibility of this essential medication. The typical intravenous dosage for treating methemoglobinemia is 1 mg/kg of a 1% solution, administered slowly over a period of 5 to 30 minutes. If methemoglobin levels remain elevated or clinical signs persist, a repeat dose may be administered one hour after the initial dose. The FDA approval of Methylene Blue for methemoglobinemia signifies a robust body of evidence supporting its benefit in this critical medical situation.
4.2 Diagnostic Aid
Methylene Blue is also FDA-approved for various diagnostic purposes, leveraging its staining properties to enhance visualization during medical procedures. One significant application is in sentinel lymph node mapping, a crucial technique used during breast surgery and other cancer surgeries to identify the lymph nodes most likely to contain cancerous cells. In this procedure, a typical dose of 2 mL or 5 mL of a 1% methylene blue solution is injected into the tissue near the tumor, allowing surgeons to visually trace the lymphatic drainage. Furthermore, Methylene Blue is employed as a dye in chromoendoscopy, where it is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract to aid in the identification of dysplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions. It is also utilized in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine injection. Another diagnostic application involves the intravenous administration of Methylene Blue to assist in the identification of parathyroid glands during surgery. The dye stains the glands, making them easier for surgeons to locate. A typical dose for this purpose is 5 mg/mL given approximately one hour before the surgical procedure. Additionally, because intravenously injected Methylene Blue is readily excreted in the urine, it can be used to test for leaks or fistulas within the urinary tract. These diagnostic uses highlight the value of Methylene Blue’s staining properties in improving the precision and effectiveness of various medical and surgical procedures.
4.3 Combination Drug for Urinary Tract Issues
Methylene Blue is also a component of several FDA-approved combination drugs, such as Hyophen, Methylphen, Urophen, and Urised. These medications are indicated for the symptomatic treatment of pain, burning, urgency, and frequency associated with cystitis, urethritis, and other urinary tract disorders. In these formulations, Methylene Blue is combined with other active ingredients like hyoscyamine, hexamethylenetetramine, phenyl salicylate, and benzoic acid. While Methylene Blue has a history of use as a mild urinary antiseptic, its current approved application in this context is within these multi-component drugs, suggesting a synergistic or complementary role in alleviating urinary tract symptoms.
Table 2: Current FDA-Approved Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
Indication
Route of Administration
Typical Dosage
Specific FDA Approval Details
Acquired Methemoglobinemia
Intravenous
1 mg/kg of a 1% solution over 5-30 minutes, repeat dose if needed
ProvayBlue (first approved brand), generic versions available
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
Intraparenchymal
2 mL or 5 mL of a 1% solution injected near the tumor
Used in breast surgery and other cancer surgeries
Visualization in Endoscopic Procedures
Topical (spray/injection)
Varies depending on the procedure
Chromoendoscopy for dysplasia detection, endoscopic polypectomy
Parathyroid Gland Identification
Intravenous
5 mg/mL one hour before the procedure
Aids in locating parathyroid glands during surgery
Urinary Tract Leak Detection
Intravenous
Dosage not specified
Excreted in urine to detect leaks or fistulas
Symptomatic Treatment of Urinary Tract Pain
Oral (in combination drugs)
Dosage determined by the specific combination product
Component of drugs like Hyophen, Methylphen, Urophen, Urised, which also contain hyoscyamine, hexamethylenetetramine, phenyl salicylate, and benzoic acid
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5. Ongoing Scientific Studies and Potential Future Medical Uses of Methylene Blue
5.1 Neurodegenerative Disorders
Methylene Blue has garnered significant attention for its potential in treating various neurodegenerative disorders. Extensive research is underway to explore its effects on Alzheimer’s disease, with studies investigating its ability to inhibit the aggregation of tau proteins and reduce the formation of amyloid-beta plaques, both hallmarks of the disease. Some clinical trials, particularly those involving modified forms of Methylene Blue like LMTX (leuco-methylthioninium bis(hydromethanesulfonate)), have shown promising results in specific subgroups of patients. Lower doses of Methylene Blue have also been associated with enhanced cognitive function in some studies. However, it is important to note that several large-scale phase 3 clinical trials have not met their primary endpoints, indicating the need for further investigation to optimize dosing, formulations, and identify the patient populations that might benefit most. Preclinical studies also suggest that Methylene Blue may have neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease by reducing oxidative stress and protecting dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, its potential is being explored in other neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, claustrophobia, ifosfamide encephalopathy, and schizophrenia , as well as autism, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and traumatic brain injury. A completed clinical trial indicates that intraoperative use of Methylene Blue may reduce postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. The ability of Methylene Blue to cross the blood-brain barrier and its potential to enhance mitochondrial function and act as an antioxidant are key reasons for its investigation in these neurological conditions [Chain of thought: While preclinical data is promising, translating these findings to consistent clinical benefits in complex neurodegenerative diseases is challenging and requires rigorous investigation.].
5.2 Cancer Therapy
The role of Methylene Blue in cancer therapy is also an active area of research. Its potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being explored as a means to selectively kill cancer cells. Preclinical studies have shown its effectiveness against various cancer types, including colorectal tumors, carcinoma, and melanoma , although results have been less promising in breast cancer and HeLa cell models. Clinical trials are investigating its efficacy in treating pain associated with oral mucositis in cancer patients. Researchers are also examining its potential to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, particularly in making hypoxic tumor cells more susceptible to radiation. In animal models, Methylene Blue has shown promise as a metabolic therapy in restraining ovarian tumor growth. Additionally, its use in facilitating the evaluation of lymph nodes in colon cancer specimens is being studied. The photosensitizing properties of Methylene Blue, activated by light to produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen, and its potential to interfere with cancer cell metabolism are the basis for these investigations.
5.3 Infectious Diseases
There is a renewed interest in Methylene Blue as an antimalarial agent, particularly in the face of increasing resistance to existing drugs. Studies are exploring its effectiveness against drug-resistant strains of malaria and its ability to prevent transmission by targeting the gametocyte stage of the parasite. Methylene Blue is also being investigated for its broad-spectrum antiviral activity, with potential applications against respiratory viral infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Experimental studies have demonstrated its inhibitory effects on viral replication. Its antimicrobial properties are also being researched in the context of treating bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, and as a general disinfectant. Notably, laboratory studies suggest its effectiveness against persister biofilms, which are relevant to chronic infections like Lyme disease and Bartonella. Furthermore, Methylene Blue is used in some settings for decontaminating blood plasma products due to its antiviral and antibacterial properties. The diverse antimicrobial and antiviral activities of Methylene Blue, combined with its relatively low toxicity and cost, make it a promising candidate for addressing infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings and against emerging pathogens.
5.4 Septic Shock and Vasoplegic Syndrome
Methylene Blue is under investigation for its potential to treat refractory hypotension in septic shock. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, which can help restore vascular tone. Clinical trials are currently ongoing to further evaluate its safety and efficacy in this context. Additionally, Methylene Blue is used off-label to increase blood pressure in individuals experiencing vasoplegic syndrome, a condition often occurring after cardiac surgery where blood pressure drops dangerously low and does not respond to standard treatments like epinephrine. Some studies suggest that early administration of Methylene Blue in patients with vasoplegic syndrome may improve survival rates. The ability of Methylene Blue to modulate nitric oxide pathways, which play a critical role in vasodilation, makes it a potential therapeutic option for managing these severe conditions.
Table 3: Potential Future Medical Uses of Methylene Blue Under Investigation
Medical Condition
Proposed Mechanism of Action
Current Status of Research
Key Findings/Outcomes (if available)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Inhibits tau aggregation, reduces amyloid-beta plaques, enhances mitochondrial function
Preclinical and Clinical Trials (Phase 2/3)
Mixed results in clinical trials, some promise in subgroups with modified forms and lower doses
Demonstrates antiviral activity in laboratory settings
Bacterial Infections (e.g., Lyme, Bartonella)
Antimicrobial, effective against persister biofilms
Preclinical and Anecdotal Reports
Shows promise in laboratory studies and some clinical observations
Septic Shock
Inhibits nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, restores vascular tone
Clinical Trials (Phase 2/3)
Some studies show improved hemodynamic parameters and reduced vasopressor requirements
Vasoplegic Syndrome
Inhibits nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, restores vascular tone
Off-label use, Retrospective and Prospective Studies
Early administration may improve survival after cardiac surgery
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6. Explore Non-Medical Applications of Methylene Blue
6.1 Use in Aquariums
Methylene Blue finds application in the maintenance of aquariums, primarily as a disinfectant. It is commonly used to treat fungal infections that can affect fish and their eggs, as well as parasitic diseases such as ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis). Additionally, it can be effective against certain bacterial infections in fish. Beyond treating existing conditions, Methylene Blue can also aid in mitigating the toxicity caused by elevated levels of ammonia and nitrites in aquarium water, which can be harmful to aquatic life. Its antimicrobial properties, therefore, extend beyond medical contexts to play a role in maintaining the health and well-being of fish in aquariums.
6.2 Dye in Textiles and Microscopy
Historically, Methylene Blue was first synthesized for use as a dye in the textile industry, particularly for coloring cotton and wool fabrics. Its strong and lasting blue hue made it a valuable component in textile manufacturing. In the realm of science, Methylene Blue is a widely employed biological stain in microscopy. It is used to enhance the visibility of cells, tissues, and microorganisms under a microscope, often staining negatively charged cell components such as nucleic acids. It is a component of important stains used in hematology and microbiology, including Wright’s stain and Jenner’s stain. The fundamental staining properties of Methylene Blue were crucial to its early scientific and industrial applications, highlighting its inherent affinity for biological materials.
6.3 Redox Indicator in Chemistry
Methylene Blue is a well-known redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions containing Methylene Blue will appear blue in the presence of an oxidizing environment. However, if exposed to a reducing agent, the solution will undergo a color change and become colorless as the Methylene Blue is reduced to its leuco form. This property is famously demonstrated in the “blue bottle” experiment, a classic demonstration of chemical kinetics. Methylene Blue is also utilized in sulfide analysis, where its reaction with hydrogen sulfide can be quantified. Additionally, it can function as an indicator for pH changes in certain applications. The reversible color change of Methylene Blue based on the redox state of its environment makes it a valuable tool for visualizing and studying chemical reactions involving electron transfer.
6.4 Photosensitizer
Methylene Blue acts as a photosensitizer, meaning it can absorb light and transfer energy to oxygen, converting it into singlet oxygen, a highly reactive form. This property is harnessed in photodynamic therapy (PDT), where Methylene Blue, in conjunction with light exposure, is used to destroy target cells, such as cancer cells or microorganisms. The same principle is applied in the disinfection of blood plasma, where light-activated Methylene Blue can effectively kill certain viruses and bacteria, enhancing the safety of blood transfusions. This interaction with light to generate reactive oxygen species is a key aspect of its potential in targeted therapeutic applications.
6.5 Other Uses
Beyond these primary non-medical applications, Methylene Blue has a variety of other uses. In the food industry, it is employed to test the freshness of milk and dairy products, where its reduction to a colorless form indicates low oxygen levels associated with spoilage. Its use in the textile industry for dyeing natural fibers like cotton, wool, and silk continues. In educational settings, Methylene Blue is a valuable tool for demonstrating redox reactions and chemical equilibrium, such as in the Blue Bottle Experiment, and for staining cells to facilitate microscopic observation by students. It also has applications in environmental science, where it can be used to demonstrate dissolved oxygen levels in water, illustrating concepts of water quality. In orthopedic surgery, Methylene Blue is sometimes added to bone cement to provide a visual distinction between the cement and native bone, and it can also accelerate the hardening process. Certain medical devices incorporate Methylene Blue as a visualization aid. Finally, it is used in construction and soil science to determine the methylene blue value of fine aggregate, an indicator of its clay mineral content. The sheer diversity of these non-medical applications underscores the multifaceted nature of Methylene Blue, stemming from its unique chemical and physical properties [Chain of thought: From industrial applications to educational demonstrations, its unique characteristics make it valuable in diverse fields.].
7. Identify Any Potential Health Benefits of Methylene Blue That Are Not Yet Fully Established or Approved by Regulatory Bodies
7.1 Cognitive Enhancement and Anti-Aging
Emerging research suggests that Methylene Blue may possess potential health benefits beyond its currently approved medical uses, particularly in the areas of cognitive enhancement and anti-aging. Some studies indicate that it may have cognitive-enhancing effects, potentially improving memory and attention span. Animal studies have shown that Methylene Blue can improve age-related memory decline and enhance grip strength and spatial memory in older mice. These effects may be linked to its ability to enhance mitochondrial function in brain cells, which is crucial for energy production and overall cognitive health. Furthermore, Methylene Blue exhibits antioxidant properties that could protect cells, including neurons, against damage from oxidative stress, a process implicated in aging. While these findings from preclinical studies and some early-phase clinical trials are promising, more rigorous and large-scale clinical trials in humans are necessary to definitively establish these benefits and determine safe and effective dosages. It is important to note that over-the-counter Methylene Blue products marketed for cognitive enhancement or anti-aging are not currently regulated by the FDA, and their safety and efficacy have not been fully evaluated .
7.2 Mental Health Support (Beyond Approved Uses)
Research is also exploring the potential of Methylene Blue in providing support for various mental health conditions beyond its historical use in psychosis. Some studies have investigated its use as an adjunct treatment for mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It is believed that Methylene Blue may influence the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, which play critical roles in mood regulation. Animal models have shown that Methylene Blue exhibits antidepressant-like activity. While these preliminary findings are encouraging, the use of Methylene Blue for mental health support is still considered investigational. Careful consideration of potential drug interactions, particularly with medications that affect serotonin levels, is essential due to Methylene Blue’s properties as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor .
7.3 Lyme Disease and Co-infections
Some practitioners, particularly Lyme Literate Medical Doctors (LLMDs), are exploring the off-label use of Methylene Blue for the treatment of Lyme disease and associated co-infections, such as Bartonella. Anecdotal reports suggest that patients treated with Methylene Blue have experienced improvements in symptoms like fatigue, depression, and cognitive fog, which are commonly associated with these tick-borne illnesses. Laboratory studies have indicated that Methylene Blue possesses antimicrobial properties and may be particularly effective against persister biofilms, a form of bacterial growth that can be difficult to eradicate in Lyme disease and Bartonella infections. However, it is crucial to emphasize that these uses are not yet fully established or approved by regulatory bodies. Rigorous clinical trials in humans are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of Methylene Blue for the treatment of Lyme disease and co-infections.
8. Research the Known Risks, Side Effects, and Contraindications Associated with the Use of Methylene Blue
8.1 Common Side Effects
The use of Methylene Blue is associated with several known side effects, the most common of which is a noticeable bluish-green discoloration of the urine and stool. Some individuals may experience pain in their limbs following intravenous administration. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain have also been reported. Other common side effects can include dizziness, confusion, and headaches , as well as staining of the mouth or teeth and an altered sense of taste. Some patients may also experience sweating , a burning sensation in the mouth and stomach , restlessness, apprehension, and an unusual taste sensation known as dysgeusia. It is important to note that Methylene Blue can transiently interfere with pulse oximeter readings, potentially leading to an underestimation of the actual oxygen saturation in the blood. Additionally, a decrease in the Bispectral Index (BIS), a measure of brain activity, has been observed following the administration of Methylene Blue during surgical procedures [Chain of thought: Many side effects are relatively mild and related to its properties as a dye and its biochemical actions. However, some can be more significant and require monitoring.].
8.2 Serious Risks and Contraindications
While many side effects are mild, Methylene Blue carries the risk of several serious adverse events and has specific contraindications. One of the most significant risks is the development of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when Methylene Blue is used in combination with other drugs that increase serotonin levels in the brain, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), opioids, and dextromethorphan. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome can include mental status changes, muscle twitching, excessive sweating, shivering, diarrhea, loss of coordination, and fever. Therefore, the concomitant use of Methylene Blue with serotonergic drugs should be avoided. Another serious risk is hemolytic anemia, which is more likely to occur in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In these patients, Methylene Blue is contraindicated due to the risk of severe hemolysis , which can lead to the formation of Heinz bodies, elevated bilirubin levels, and low haptoglobin. Paradoxically, high doses of Methylene Blue can actually induce methemoglobinemia, the very condition it is used to treat. The administration of Methylene Blue in neonates carries significant risks, including hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, phototoxicity, and hemolytic anemia. Methylene Blue is also contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions to it. Its use is contraindicated during pregnancy (FDA pregnancy category X) due to the potential for fetal harm , and it should be avoided by breastfeeding women. Elderly patients with impaired kidney function may require dosage adjustments , and it is contraindicated in cases of severe renal insufficiency. Caution is also advised when using Methylene Blue in patients with hepatic impairment. Beyond serotonergic drugs, Methylene Blue can interact with other medications, including those metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it can interact with various substances. It should not be used concurrently with dapsone. Furthermore, if sodium nitrite is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, Methylene Blue should not be administered to treat the resulting methemoglobinemia, as this can reduce cyanide binding and increase toxicity .
Table 4: Known Risks, Side Effects, and Contraindications of Methylene Blue
Category
Specific Risk/Side Effect/Contraindication
Relevant Notes/Conditions
Common Side Effects
Bluish-green discoloration of urine and stool
Expected
Common Side Effects
Limb pain following IV administration
Common Side Effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Common Side Effects
Dizziness, confusion, headaches
Common Side Effects
Stained mouth or teeth
Common Side Effects
Altered sense of taste
Common Side Effects
Sweating
Common Side Effects
Burning sensation of the mouth and stomach
Common Side Effects
Restlessness, apprehension, dysgeusia
Common Side Effects
Transiently alters pulse oximeter readings
May underestimate oxygen saturation
Common Side Effects
Fall in Bispectral Index (BIS)
During surgery
Serious Risks
Serotonin Syndrome
With concomitant use of serotonergic drugs and opioids
President Trump’s statement that Iran would be blamed for an attack on an American war ship has sparked concern. This concern is centered on the possibility that American war ships may be targeted by false flag attacks perpetrated by Satanic New World Order secret societies that have globalist interests that control financial institutions, and the military industrial complex. This concern is not unwarranted because it plays right into the hands of those Illuminati banksters that want to kick off WW3 in order to escape prosecution for the crimes committed against humanity. AntiDeepStateParty.com is against this policy of presidential decree of war against Iran.
During Trump’s first administration (2017–2021), there was no publicly known formal plan for a full-scale war with Iran, but tensions were extremely high, and several key events suggested that military conflict was a serious possibility. Here are some key aspects of Trump’s Iran strategy and any potential war planning:
1. “Maximum Pressure” Campaign
• The Trump administration withdrew from the 2015 Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) in 2018, reimposing and intensifying economic sanctions.
• The goal was to cripple Iran’s economy and force it to renegotiate on nuclear development, missile programs, and regional influence.
• Iran responded by resuming nuclear enrichment and engaging in more aggressive regional activities.
2. Assassination of General Qassem Soleimani (2020)
• On January 3, 2020, the U.S. killed Iran’s top general, Qassem Soleimani, in a drone strike in Baghdad.
• Iran retaliated by launching missile attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, injuring American soldiers but avoiding direct escalation.
• This was the closest moment to outright war, with both sides appearing ready for further confrontation.
3. Pentagon War Plans and Trump’s Final Months
• Reports suggest that the Pentagon had contingency plans for a possible conflict with Iran, as it does for many global adversaries.
• In late 2020, after Biden won the election, Trump reportedly asked senior officials about options for striking Iran’s nuclear facilities.
• Top advisers, including then-Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Mark Milley, advised against it, warning of a potential regional war.
4. Covert and Cyber Warfare
• The Trump administration approved covert operations against Iran, including cyberattacks on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure.
• Israel, with U.S. backing, was suspected of conducting sabotage operations against Iranian nuclear facilities and assassinating nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.
Conclusion: Was There a Plan for War?
• There was no publicly released formal war plan, but Trump’s policies and actions—especially Soleimani’s killing—suggested that a military confrontation was considered.
• The U.S. military had contingency plans in case of war, but Trump ultimately avoided a full-scale conflict.
• Some former officials suggested that Trump preferred economic and covert pressure over a full invasion, though he left office with Iran more adversarial than when he began.
Had he won a second term, it’s unclear whether his administration would have escalated to war or pursued a new deal with Iran.
A war between the U.S. and Iran would be a major geopolitical event with widespread consequences. Here’s a breakdown of what could happen:
1. Military Conflict
• The U.S. would likely conduct airstrikes on Iranian military sites, nuclear facilities, and government infrastructure.
• Iran could retaliate by targeting U.S. bases in the Middle East, attacking allies like Israel and Saudi Arabia, or disrupting global oil shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.
• Iran-backed militias in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen could launch attacks on U.S. and allied forces.
• Cyber warfare would be a major battleground, with both sides attempting to disrupt each other’s infrastructure.
2. Regional Escalation
• A war could drag in regional players like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.
• Hezbollah (Iran’s ally in Lebanon) could attack Israel, leading to a larger Middle Eastern conflict.
• Other countries, like Russia and China, might provide indirect support to Iran through weapons or diplomatic backing.
3. Economic Fallout
• Oil prices would skyrocket due to potential disruptions in Persian Gulf shipping.
• Global stock markets would likely take a hit, and inflation could rise.
• Iran could attack key oil infrastructure in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, further destabilizing energy markets.
4. Domestic Impact in the U.S.
• The war would be expensive, potentially costing trillions.
• Political divisions would deepen, especially if the conflict dragged on without clear objectives.
• If the war required large-scale troop deployment, the possibility of a draft (though unlikely) could arise.
5. Nuclear Risk
• While Iran doesn’t have nuclear weapons yet, a war could push it to accelerate its nuclear program.
• Iran has developed a nuclear bomb, that could most likely be used against Israel or the U.S. and will most certainly take drastic measures to prevent itself from being destroyed by its enemies.
6. Diplomatic Consequences
• U.S. allies in Europe might oppose the war, causing diplomatic rifts.
• Russia and China could use the conflict to strengthen their influence in the region.
• Iran could try to rally anti-U.S. sentiment globally, especially in the Muslim world.
Conclusion
A U.S.-Iran war would likely be long, costly, and destabilizing, with no clear winners. While the U.S. has superior military power, Iran has the ability to wage asymmetric warfare, making a quick and decisive victory unlikely. Most experts believe diplomacy, even if strained, is preferable to outright war.
Discussions about prophecy, war with Iran, and the United States often stem from religious, political, and historical perspectives. Here are some key viewpoints on the topic:
1. Biblical Prophecy and Iran (Persia)
• Some Christian eschatologists believe that Iran (historically Persia) is mentioned in Ezekiel 38-39 as part of a coalition against Israel in the “War of Gog and Magog.”
• Certain interpretations suggest that Iran’s growing hostility toward Israel and the U.S. aligns with biblical end-times prophecies.
• Other prophecies in Daniel and Revelation are often linked to modern geopolitical events involving Iran.
2. Islamic Prophecy and End-Times War
• Some Islamic eschatological views, particularly in Shia Islam (which is dominant in Iran), predict an apocalyptic war before the return of the Mahdi (the guided one).
• Some clerics in Iran see their conflict with the U.S. and Israel as part of a larger religious struggle.
3. Political and Geopolitical Forecasts
• Analysts warn that a U.S.-Iran war could trigger a larger regional or even global conflict.
• Iran has allies in Russia, China, and various proxy groups (Hezbollah, Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq and Syria), which could escalate a war beyond a U.S.-Iran confrontation.
• Cyber warfare, missile strikes, and oil disruptions could destabilize the world economy.
4. Recent Developments and Future Risks
• Rising tensions, particularly in the Middle East, have led some to speculate about a coming war.
• The U.S. and Israel have carried out covert operations and cyberattacks against Iran’s nuclear program.
• Iran has increased its uranium enrichment, which could provoke military action from the U.S. or Israel.
Final Thoughts
While prophecy and politics often intertwine, whether war between the U.S. and Iran happens depends on diplomacy, strategic decisions, and unforeseen events. Historically, many conflicts have been predicted but did not materialize—while others emerged unexpectedly.
About Social1776 About http://Social1776.com and http://Social1776TV.com are peace making forums that are nonpartisan we are a place where all people can debate their opinions and views left and right or anarchist. While Christian in nature all beliefs are welcome to this platform to debate beliefs and ideas. We believe in liberation through education, because iron sharpens iron, and together we can be the greatest community on earth as is in heaven! Our Social Networking Platform. With our new feature, user can make posts, photos, post video, raise money, fundraising and much more.
1- About our website Social1776.com
Basically we’re a independent non-partisan social media website that formed out of Necessity to survive the cancel culture of big tech censorship. You can thank Facebook for the invention of social 1776. Daniel Leach is the founder of the anti-DeepState Party Anti Illuminati Party an Anti New World Order Party Jesus Christ Party as well as #studio1776 A website that has been completely banned from all main stream social media. Daniel is a patriot constitutional conservative Activists blogger. Call 1(701)339-3131 if you have any questions it’s my personal number.
Join the revolution against big tech censorship the answer to 1984 is http://Social1776.com
State and local officials are investigating a bombing at a rural Georgia monument that some conservative Christians have dubbed satanic and previously called for its demolition.
The Georgia Bureau of Investigation reported that just before dawn Wednesday, someone detonated an explosive device and damaged the Georgia Guidestones, dubbed by some as “America’s Stonehenge.”
Erected in 1980, the massive granite monument is 7 miles north of Elberton, Georgia, near the South Carolina state line.
According to the GBI, preliminary information indicates unknown suspects set off the bomb at 4 a.m.
Law enforcement officials walk around the damaged Georgia Guidestones monument near Elberton, Ga., on Wednesday, July 6, 2022. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation said the monument, which some Christians regard as satanic, was damaged by an explosion before dawn.
A reminder of what is happening to Lotus Justice, MONICA G JUSTICE at the “Franklin County Correctional Center ll” in Columbus Ohio.
Most recently, the sheriff placed a tranny, A MAN, in with the woman and the MAN punched Lotus in the face and she had to go to the hospital and ended up with a dislocated retina.
Lotus has been in jail for 22 months with NO TRIAL date and this is after the sheriff’s busted in her door with NO WARRANT in an attempt to kill her!
You can listen and read what the mainstream news has to tell you, which is the sheriff’s side of the story, or you can check out her website which has more than just words!
Ladies and gentleman, this could be happening to you tomorrow or to your child. Pay close attention!
Lotus has been targeted for exposing child trafficking in Ohio and for exposing the corruption of public officials.
THEY WANT TO SHUT HER UP!
I’d suggest everyone pay attention to the truth and not to the news. Pay attention to documents and not to just words. Pay attention to what’s happening to our friends, family and neighbors and not to what the gov wants you to believe.
Remember, according to them, we should’ve been near dead without the face-diapers and according to them, it’s normal to have men competing with women in sports and according to them, small children should be inserted with needles that contain experimental drugs and you should be thankful, or else you’re a conspiracy theorist 🙄
You can all go back to sharing photos of your vacations, your cats and your funny tiktok videos. Sorry to put a damper on your day!
Also, take a look at the judges oath of office. Judge Young seems to have a bogus oath wouldn’t you say? From what I hear, the OH Supreme Court is OK with that.
Do those signatures look forged to you? Hmmmmm 🧐
Does anyone see a seal of office as required by ORC 3.24?
It appears that judge Young’s oath was NOT submitted to the Ohio Supreme Court as required by ORC 3.23. either was it file stamped or recorded with the Clerk properly 🤔 but this is the case with many judges here in Ohio.
So does that mean that judges are above the law? While you and I are stopped for going a couple miles over the speed limit according to their ORC and ticketed, harassed and possibly jailed for such a “criminal activity”
Check out Tony Viola’s site while you’re at it and you’ll find that prosecutors can commit crimes against you as well and have you thrown in jail for 10 years and when you finally free yourself with evidence provided to you from a worker at the prosecutors office, that workers suddenly ends up dead, no one investigates her death and no one investigates the prosecutorial misconduct which put an innocent man behind bars for 10 years! 😳
But that’s OK because they’re public servants and they’re above the law and you’re too busy with work and all that to care about the crimes committed to innocent children and innocent people … and because it doesn’t affect you … YET!
Of course also, they wouldn’t dare investigate the Kidnapping of an innocent child either … not if an Ohio judge was involved in running the Kidnapping behind closed doors to make it appear to be a lawful custody order.
And there will be no investigation of the kidnapping of a child if the kidnapper was the brother of the Ohio State Special Prosecutor. Because they too are above the law!
It’s a sick world we live in and unless we start caring about matters such as the ones stated above, it’s just going to get worse. Soon it will be you or a family member suffering these same injustices.
Pray for Ohio! Pray for eachother! Pray for this country!!!
Join us in Washington, DC January 23 to march to Defeat the Mandates! United We Stand. In Peace We March. The plan is to walk at 11:30am from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial where feature guests including recording artists, prominent doctors, journalists, actors, pro athletes and thought leaders will be giving a series of “TED talks” and musical performances. For more information, updates on our speaker list and to register to attend, go to http://DefeatTheMandatesDC.com. #Together #DefeatTheMandates #WeWillNotComply
New evidence being presented about the JFK Assassination
.I’m gonna be doing a historical interview tomorrow bringing forward new information and evidence about the JFK Assassination never before seen or heard about.
I’m gonna be doing a first ever interview with the owner of a Mannlicher-Carcano Gun thats claims to be new evidence in the JFK murder. The interview with a man that says the gun was given to him by somebody that was personally involved in the shooting. I don’t have all the details yet but I’m the first person that has been Approached to do an interview and podcast about this new evidence being brought forward to the public. More information to come. https://www.facebook.com/daniel.leach.180/videos/251768553165256/?d=n AntiDeepStateParty.com
FWD: FWD: FWD: Emergency phone blitz For David Leroy , booked as a John Doe for failure to identify and right to travel . Held in Mishawak Indiana . Call magistrate Doi before noon on Wednesday , the arraignment is at 1:30 , 574-245-6794 . Also call chief Ken Whitkowski 574-258-1687 , mayor Dave Wood 574-258-1601 , sheriff William Redman , bishop Kevin Rhodes 574-234-0687 . Mention their oath to uphold the Constitution & court case Thompson v. Smith which affirms the right to travel without permission .
FWD: FWD: FWD: Emergency phone blitz For David Leroy , booked as a John Doe for failure to identify and right to travel . Held in Mishawak Indiana . Call magistrate Doi before noon on Wednesday , the arraignment is at 1:30 , 574-245-6794 . Also call chief Ken Whitkowski 574-258-1687 , mayor Dave Wood 574-258-1601 , sheriff William Redman , bishop Kevin Rhodes 574-234-0687 . Mention their oath to uphold the Constitution & court case Thompson v. Smith which affirms the right to travel without permission .
FWD: FWD: FWD: Emergency phone blitz for political prisoner Pete Harding ! Arrested by the FBI in Buffalo WITHOUT BEING CHARGED WITH ANY CRIME , Pete is reportedly being moved to the Batavia Detention federal facility in Batavia NY, Genesee County . This facility is an immigration detention center and Pete is not safe there . Please call 585-344-6500 and follow the instructions to leave a message for an inmate . Ask for a return call and inquire : how is his physical condition , any injuries ? What are the charges and who is the victim ? Be polite and professional , we do not want to damage Pete’s standing as an honorable man and good friend . Also call the federal courthouse in Buffalo to find out when his court appearance is taking place : 716-551-1700 Please try to add some money to Petes phone account so he can talk to his lawyers & friends . Ask how to add funds when you call the jail . We are attempting to leave lots of messages tonight , fill up their voicemailbox , and then follow-up calls tomorrow . Help to ‘Free Pete Harding’ Please post & fwd this everywhere . Thank you ! CB#:585-730-9220
FWD: FWD: Pete is being released ! He is required to have electronic monitoring , but least he is going home . Thanks to everyone who is supporting Pete , the charges are misdemeanors , the federal version of trespassing & doing damage to government property . His next appearance is Tuesday at 1 pm .
FWD: It appears they cannot prove he actually did damage , nor can they prove he unlawfully remained . I think its all meant to scare other patriots and its not working . Its waking people up and causing them to lose all confidence in government . Since when is a battering ram used to break down a door at 5 am for a misdemeanor ?
While the country was riveted on the fall-out from the election results—one of the most divisive Presidential elections in recent history—as well as engaged with concerns about more Covid lockdowns, the DOJ quietly went to a court in a significant civil rights case and declared that the US can kill anyone, anywhere and claim “state secrets,” thus avoiding any judicial review or due process.
Bilal Abdul Kareem, who is a US born journalist and has worked for the BBC and CNN, filed a case in federal court in 2017 alleging that he had been put on a US government kill list. The pleadings cite at least four attempts on Kareem’s life in the Middle East, where he has been covering the conflict for a number of years. These attempts involve targeted drone strikes as well as one attack on his personal vehicle apparently by a Hell Fire missile. The citation of the Hell Fire is significant as this is a US weapon.
In September of 2019, Judge Rosemary Collyer in US District Court dismissed Kareem’s case after the DOJ cited “state secrets.” Oral arguments appealing Collyer’s decision took place in DC Court of Appeals on November 16, which you can listen to here.
Kareem’s attorney, Tara Plochocki, was first questioned as to the plausibility of the claim that Kareem himself was the target of the strikes, given that Kareem was working in a war zone. The questioning then focused on the attorney for the Department of Justice, Brad Hinshelwood. The judges asked him what potential remedy exists for a US citizen who is put on the kill list. The question also arose if this “state secrets” privilege would also pertain for a target on US soil.
Asserting the absolute privilege associated with “state secrets,” Mr. Hinshelwood suggests that Congress might want to pass some legislation. At that time, circa 37 minutes in, one can hear one of the judges say, somewhat incredulously, “He should try to get a bill passed?”
The judge persists, saying “My car keeps blowing up and I keep getting shot at…and the government’s position is, tough luck, you have no rights, you have no capacity to get yourself off the list…The government may execute me and there is nothing I can do about it?”
DOJ attorney Hinshelwood responds: “So an individual on the kill list…in that circumstance…given the courts competence to adjudicate claims…there is no recourse.”
The implications of this stance are staggering. As those working on legal reform issues know, American citizens are already being murdered through decisions handed down in probate guardianship proceedings. The head count of those murdered by police, annually, has also spiked considerably and justice for the victims is rarely delivered. Immunity given to nursing homes over the high Covid death rate in these facilities also points to a perception that certain populations have less rights than others, including apparently the right to exist.
“State secrets” constitutes an evidentiary rule rather than an Act of Congress. It was used first in the 1953 landmark legal case, USA vs. Reynolds, that saw the formal recognition of the state secrets privilege, a judicially recognized extension of presidential power.
Since that time, there have been several attempts to introduce an official “state secrets act.” The most recent, HR 3332, was introduced by Representative Jerrold Nadler and provided mechanisms by which the courts could determine if the claim of state secrets would affect a particular case. The Nadler legislation “Allows the government to: (1) assert the privilege in connection with any claim in a civil action to which it is a party, or (2) intervene in a civil action to which it is not a party in order to do so.” The legislation also gives the court some latitude in making this determination, stating that the court shall “(1) undertake a preliminary review of the information in question, and (2) provide the government an opportunity to seek protective measures under this Act.”
This bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations in January of 2014 and no action has been taken since.
The DC Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision on the Kareem case is pending.
So while we are celebrating Thanksgiving this year, we might want to be mindful that, as far as our government is concerned, we have no more rights than the turkey on the table.
To lock down an entire world, to destroy local economies and devastate the finances of millions, if not billions, of wage earners might be called for under a plague-like scenario, with a death rate much higher than what we are seeing reported. Unfortunately, disputes about the virtues and efficacy of mask-wearing appear to predominate in the discussion. Masks are a symptom but not the disease. They are a symptom of the effort to control and to mandate obedience. For the actual threat, we need to look further.
If the pandemic were to eventuate in a real, honest to God plague-like event, it may very well “ride in” on the purported virus, rather than have any real ties to the virus itself.
There are three potential vectors which hold out this possibility. The first one, which deals with the inherent dangers in vaccines, has been discussed thoroughly in the independent media. Vaccine horror stories indeed abound, from concerns that the adjutants used in vaccines produce neurological damage to reports of vaccine-related deaths in India: Controversial vaccine studies: Why is Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under fire from critics in India? Given this history, the fact that the Gates Foundation is so heartily pushing the development of a coronavirus vaccine has many people understandably spooked.
While articles discussing vaccinations as a potential vector for harm now flood the independent media, there are two other portals which, given the pandemic scare at play, also need to be part of the discussion.
One vector is the effect of a quarantine, given the weaponization of the water system: US Water Systems May Be Used for a WMD Attack – Activist Post. By enforcing a stay at home quarantine on healthy people, one could argue that an attack through the water system could be facilitated — and who would ever know?
The third vector for an attack would be what are called “impostor” or “doppelganger” pharmaceuticals. This has gotten very little press coverage, due very likely to the difficulty in documenting what chemical or chemicals these impostors actually contain. It is known that the intelligence agencies in both the old USSR and in the West maintained a stash of pills that would induce death on consumption by an unwitting target. However, these doubles are now far more widely manufactured and distributed and may account for deaths not only of political targets but also the “dispensables” in nursing homes and other care facilities. Given the nature of a high-profile conservatee’s death along with the revelation that the toxicology report was removed from the coroner’s file, it is a matter of concern that Charles Castle may have expired from an “impostor”: Questions Arise as to Coroner’s Cover up in Sudden Death – Activist Post.
This reporter has a number of bottles of the “impostors” in her possession and has made strenuous outreaches to laboratories asking for an analysis. To date, no lab has agreed to tackle this.
To center the debate on “to mask” or “not to mask” is, in light of these concerns, a significant diversion. Rather than focusing on the instruments of ensuring obedience and control, the population should consider how best to survive — not only the virus itself, but the three riders coming in on these dark horses. There will likely be no official acknowledgment of any of these riders as potential weapons, as the developing narrative is repetitively geared towards “protection.”
To admit that the countermeasures — vaccines, lockdowns and your everyday pharmaceuticals — for this viral pandemic are the actual seat of the danger would be to shatter the narrative at the very juncture when it is entering high gear.
Absolutely unbelievably epic protest/party/freedomfest , in support of Buffalo buisness owners ! There stood the massive empty Buffalo Bills football stadium which looks like a ghost town with cobwebs and tumbleweeds . Directly across the street were 500 patriots , buisness owners , combat veterens , freedom fighters , political activists , political candidates , men ,women , children , dogs , signs saying Cuomo sucks , flags saying Dont Tread on Me , speeches , bullhorning , music , weight lifting equipment with people pumping iron , almost all of the local presstitute media radio & TV stations , thousands of cars honking their horns , people hanging out of their cars screaming freedom , an enormous tow truck with a zillion flashing colored lights , and much , much more .
Eric’s Saturday evening audio post , we play the audio from a meeting of local buisness owners In Buffalo who stand their ground against the uninvited health dept and sheriff deputies . Amazing courage ! Make this go viral ! This is how freedom is won ! Video is up on youtube , for now : Buffalo Buisness Owners stand up to Cuomo lockdown orders , chase out sheriff and health dept. We will also be embedding the video at courtroomwatch.com
2.Governor Cuomo’s executive order 202.17, as amended and extended through Executive Order No. 202.34, states as follows:
“NOW, THEREFORE, I, Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor of the State of New York, by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 29-a of Article 2-B of the Executive Law to issue any directive during a disaster emergency necessary to cope with the disaster, I hereby issue the following directives for the period from the date of this Executive Order through June 27, 2020:
Business operators and building owners, and those authorized on their behalf shall have the discretion to ensure compliance with the directive in Executive Order 202.17 (requiring any individual over age two,and able to medically tolerate a face-covering,be required to cover their nose and mouth with a mask or cloth face-covering when in a public place), including the discretion to deny admittance to individuals who fail to comply with the directive in Executive Order 202.17 or to require or compel their removal if they fail to adhere to such directive, and such owner or operator shall not be subject to a claim of violation of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, or frustration of purpose, solely due to their enforcement of such directive. Nothing in this directive shall prohibit or limit the right of State and local enforcement authorities from imposing fines or other penalties for any violation of the directive in Executive Order 202.17.This directive shall be applied in a manner consistent with the American withDisabilities Act or any provision of either New York State or New York City Human Rights Law, or any other provision of law.”
Based on the above, the executive orderonly applies to those “able to medically tolerate a face-covering.” In addition, the executive order must be applied in a manner consistent with ADA and applicable law.Therefore, it cannot be applied in a manner that discriminates against an individual with a medical disability, i.e. it cannot be used to mandate an individual to wear a face covering, if he/she cannot medically tolerate a face covering.
3.Face coverings include cloth masks and any other type of covering, including a face shield.
The NY Department of Health’s Interim Guidance onExecutive Order 202.16 Requiring Face Coverings for Public and Private Employees Interacting with the PublicDuring the COVID-19 Outbreak, dated April 14, 2020 states as follows:
“Face coverings include, but are not limited to cloth (e.g. homemade sewn , quick cut, bandana), surgical masks, N-95 respirators, and face shields.”
4.No one has the right to request any medical information from an individual explaining his/her medical conditions that preclude her from wearing a mask. A customer entering a store without a mask must be allowed to enter if the customer states that they have a medical condition that precludes them from wearing a mask.
Interim Guidance onExecutive Orders 202.17 and 202.18Requiring Face Coverings in Public During the COVID-19 Outbreak dated April 17, 2020 states that:
“…essentialbusiness operators and enforcement authoritiesare prohibitedfromrequesting or requiring medical or other documentation from an individualwho declines to weara face covering due to a medical or other health condition that prevents such usage.”
The NY DOH’s guidance also states that:
“Employers are prohibited from requesting or requiring medical or other documentation from an employee who declines to wear a face covering due to a medical or other health condition that prevents such usage.”
5.Based on theabove, there is nolegalbasis toapplyafacial coveringmandate that goes beyond the CDC’s own recommendations and is not supported by Governor Cuomo’s executive ordersin that it forces an individual that is unable to medically tolerate a facial covering, to wear a facial covering.
When I woke up and my mind and spirit were reborn awaking from the brainwashing that I was raised to believe as a child and as a young man in a sports driven and Hollywood propaganda based mainstream media society. My family and friends rejected me my treatment was that of a black sheep and outcast from the Matrix that they were programmed to believe in with fake News, science, history and religion based system. I began to write blogs and find like minded friends who began to be my tribe and now is a army of truth seeking Patriots!
Now day’s our work consists of being a watchdog group and doing community services such as courtroom observation though a organization that I am a cofounder of along with my good friend Eric Jones nicknamed the Freedom Screamer of CourtroomWatch.com to find out more information about this topic please visit the website because it’s just to much to describe exactly what we do but basically we are advocating for justice and freedom for all.
As far as being a watchdog group we are an independent news source. Because of my connections and networks around the world we often get information that the main stream media is not privy to. Our sources come from our personal network of activists and grassroots sources who are boots on the ground. We are a grassroots political organization dedicated to Truth Justice and freedom not just for America for the entire world.
Early on before the anti-DeepState Party became a global community I was an advocate against child trafficking and have been contacted by several families over the years to try and tell their stories to get the word out about such things happening right in my own home state of NY.
Also we have been an advocate for health and wellness we are part of the anti-vaccination movement. This was definitely part of the reason that my family treated me like a black sheep outcast. I would often warn them about agenda 21 eugenics in the global plan for depopulation using a bio weapon through vaccines.
My first real eye-opener to the pharmaceutical industry was with a interview that I did with a group of guys on the radio station 1310 AM out of Brockport New York we talk to a doctor Charles Pixley who was using holistic remedies to cure cancer called 714X. Dr. Charles Pytchley was arrested and jailed silenced. He was told by the courts that he could never write a book or publicize his findings because 714X Was not an approved drug by the FDA. Even though during the time that he was using this it was not considered a synthetic pharmaceutical drug it was a naturalholistic remedy.
But what we’re doing nowadays is building a coalition a community of Activists Fighting government corruption, big tech censorship. Our Independent news media website studio 1776 has been completely scrubbed or censored from main stream social media and I’m afraid that not long from now even this website will be totally blocked deactivated from main stream social media because of our advocacy and being a watchdog group for conservatives values.
Daniels blog for Wednesday evening : Rexton Lotus Justice explains the upcoming massive stock market cash ripoff , Defrauding the treasury, by every medical and government agency imaginable lining up for a share of the loot…
Eric’s blog for Wednesday evening : massive covid cash cow ripoff , of the people , by every medical and government agency imaginable lining up for a share of the loot…
New audio blog by Eric the Freedom Screamer updating the Pete Harding Case , also NY Govenor leaves mask policies to each individual school district , local high school soccer team decides to withdraw from sectionals tournament rather than be forced to wear masks while playing soccer on the field , large groups of the awakened are uniting , and much more….
Iv been telling all of you that the the CV19 Vaccines are the final last blow to the depopulation agenda of the Satanic Globalists. It has Nano Technology that’s gonna kill you. Don’t believe me just watch! DanielJLeachjr.com AntiDeepStateParty.com #Studio1776
is known for attempting to #PinkSlip anyone who reports crimes. Franklin County Probate Court, Robert G. Montgomery, Judge appears to have signed one such document, but we cannot find it on the docket. Furthermore, since when does #SWAT team deliver these?
US Govt Department Of Homeland Security
Two Franklin County Sheriff’s Office SWAT deputies were shot in North Linden, according to sheriff’s office public information officer Marc Gofstein. https://nbc4i.co/3hetO8a
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WATCH THE EPIC TRAILER HERE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03Q-I… – #Qurious#SECRETS#EnjoyTheShow – THIS is the TELL ALL #Documentary you’ve been waiting to see! This #MilitaryIntel Insider (US ARMY CIVIL AFFAIRS & PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS COMMAND #PsyOp) Trains US ARMY SPECIAL FORCES GREEN BERETS – he concisely explains – among other intriguing things – the inner-workings of our slavery to the C_abal in this compelling, revealing.- and sometimes just downright CREEPY- tale of our Slavery and the 200 Year Plan (that’s right, the ‘Plan’ was in play MUCH longer than the 16 Year Plan that’s been reported). Get a #FullBriefing on his AMAZING story in this FANTASTIC documentary that’s sure to have you on the edge of your seat the ENTIRE way through it!
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So you people that think that this is all just normal and your Mother Earth bullshit is taking revenge your a moron! All of this has been prepared and planned by the globalists Satanic cabal secret society’s like the Freemasons and family bloodline of the likes of the Rockefeller foundation and the RothChilds as well as the rest of the 13 bloodline families including the Royal family of England! Here’s just a example project Lock Step I’d say google it but censorship is in full effect!
Daniel J Leach Jr. I believe most of America is going to be shut down because of a pandemic that I literally said was going to happen before you even heard about Covid 19 from mainstream media! As far as the other stuff that’s being pushed by a globalists agenda it’s definitely something that has been planned for years so is it unbelievable no it’s not unless you have not been paying attention to the world around you because your watching Netflix and sports instead of being educated about geopolitics!
Yeah they say less deadly now but just waiting for the reinfection to steadily rise and slowly get worse from the HIV and Ebola delivery systems that they manufactured inside of the biological weapon virus! Just you watch the reinfected start popping up soon! This is what the military calls soft kill!
What I have found when it comes to vaccines is that the scientific research and evidence doesn’t matter to people who believe in them. It literally doesn’t matter because those people who have such a strong faith they have grown up believing that vaccines have saved the world even though all the history of vaccines proves that vaccines increased death and disease. 2nd all the evidence for safety testing is based on fake scientific methods meant to fool the naked eye or the person that doesn’t do actual research into how proper scientific research is preformed by laboratories. Iv found that evidence literally doesn’t matter to someone who has been thoroughly brainwashed by propaganda and has a form of Stockholm syndrome they have been captured by the depopulation agenda, Bill Gates and friends!
US military literature has been lusting after genetically-targeted weapons for at least 50 years. The infamous Project for a New American Century, whose members have been steering the US ship of state into a series of icebergs since the George W. Bush administration, described gene-specific bioweapons as a “politically-useful tool,”
This is unfolding in line with a decade-old simulation titled “Lock Step” devised by the Rockefeller Foundation in conjunction with the Global Business Network. The scenario, one of four included in a publication called “Scenarios for the Future of Technology and International Development” in 2010, describes a coronavirus-like pandemic that becomes the trigger for the imposition of police-state controls on movement, economy, and other areas of society.
The Lock Step scenario describes “a world of tighter top-down government control and more authoritarian leadership, with limited innovation and growing citizen pushback.” In “2012” (i.e. two years after the report’s publication), an “extremely virulent and deadly” strain of influenza originating with wild geese brings the world to its knees, infecting 20 percent of the global population and killing 8 million people in just seven months – “the majority of them healthy young adults.” It devastates global economies and ruptures international trade. But not everyone, the Rockefeller Foundation makes clear, is hit equally.
This public document was automatically mirrored from PDFy.
Original filename: Scenarios for the Future ofTechnology and International Development.pdf
Emerging Diseases and the Prospect of the Next Pandemic
Rhodes Scholars and friends of the Rhodes Scholarships speak about global challenges and ideas focused around service and leadership. It includes material from the 110th Rhodes Anniversary, which was celebrated in Oxford 19-20 September 2013
Multiple sources reported on social media last night that a firefight broke out during a NATO military drill.
I got info on Facebook from a friend who is a good source for information on a regular basis and I wanted to wait for more information before posting anything to this website. Here’s my initial post on Facebook text
MAJOR UPDATE hey guys looks like some really crazy stuff is happening right now as we speak or as you reading this will keep you updated. I can’t find anything on Google about it but I’m getting information from sources close to what’s happening.
“According to Israeli intel sources, Russia has just responded by torpedo and sinking a U.S. sub off the coast of Alaska. Stewart Waterhouse
Also now appears that Trump was secreted away from the White House to unconfirmed location.”
Next section copied from:
World
REPORT: AMERICAN SUBMARINE TORPEDOED AND SUNK OFF ALASKA COAST
An American submarine operating off the coast of Alaska was REPORTEDLY torpedoed and SUNK during a firefight with a Russian submarine, after the American sub allegedly intercepted the Russian sub in American waters.
The Russian submarine allegedly sustained heavy damage in the fight, with upwards of 14 crew killed, but it made it back to its base in Russia.
I have calls into the Pentagon and to my Intel Sources seeking to confirm (or deny) this information.
No word on US casualties.
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Emergency meetings have been taking place at the White House this afternoon, with Vice President Pence being called back to the White House and having to cancel his scheduled trip to New Hampshire.
As Pence was being called back, word broke in Russian media that Russian President Vladimir Putin cancelled a public event he had long scheduled, and diverted immediately for a meeting with his Defense Minister.
At that meeting, both Putin and the Defense Minister SUMMONED the General Secretary of the Russian Armed Forces to the meeting.
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While that was taking place, the European Union headquarters in Brussels Belgium called an Emergency meeting of the EU National Security Council and, separately, the British Government called a COBRA meeting for its government.
This is a developing story. Check back for updates.
UPDATE 5:45 PM EDT —
Russian President Vladimir Putin has ordered the country’s defense chief to travel to a northern naval base to conduct a probe after a fire on a deep-sea research submersible killed 14 crew members.
(Hal Turner Remark:A fire huh? Hmmmmm. Caused by what? A firefight with a US Submarine, perhaps?)
Putin on July 2 called the incident a “terrific loss” and told Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu to “personally hear reports” and direct the Investigative Committee to “definitely establish the causes behind this tragedy.”
Putin’s meeting with Shoigu came after the Defense Ministry said earlier in the day that 14 sailors were killed when a fire broke out on July 1 aboard a submersible carrying out research work in Russian territorial waters.
(Hal Turner Remark:“In Russian territorial waters???” Why the need to say THAT? Something’s fishy already with the public statements from Russia. And US/EU/UK governments do not have “emergency meetings” over a “fire” inside a Russian submarine. Nope. I don’t buy this one bit. This sounds like a cover story to me. Still digging via my intel contacts.)
RECAP —
Here is how events unfolded earlier today, leading up to this story: Click HERE(More updates to follow, below)
UPDATE 7:00 PM EDT —
Despite my inquiries to the Pentagon, Lt. Col. Carla Gleason has failed to respond for several hours. No confirmation. No Denial.
PLEASE NOTE:This will be a story on the Hal Turner Radio Show, LIVE from New York City on Wednesday, July 3, 2019 beginning at 9:00 PM eastern US time (New York City Time) [GMT-0400].
You can tune-in on Global High Frequency stations WBCQ on 7.490 and 5.130 (AM), both 50,000 watt stations, as well as on WRMI on 9.455 (AM) which is a 100,000 watt station. You can also tune-in on regular AM radio via KYAH 540-AM “Utah’s Talk Authority.” The show is also simulcast LIVE right here on the net at HalTurnerRadioShow.com using the LISTEN LIVE links in the menu bars above. Additional updates to this story will appear below. This show and web site is reader/Listener supported. Donations are needed and appreciated. Donate via Paypal using the yellow DONATE button in the right column above. To access the COVERT INTELLIGENCE, derived from Hal Turner’s intelligence agency contacts developed from his years with the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) where he was “fully operational National Security” who was also granted “Extra-territorial authority” to operate outside the United States, become a subscriber for $1 a week billed quarterly ($13) HERE
UPDATE 7:36 PM EDT —
I will give this Intel to you exactly how I just got it. Make of it what you will:
“An unnatural mobilization at US and Western military bases in the Persian Gulf and in the Gulf states”
Ohio bill SB 22 will return freedom to the people & restrict government power , is the recent Ebola virus scare in Ohio a coincidence ?
Also attach the article from : spectrumnews1 : 44 Ohioans being monitored for potential ebola exposure
As for as I have learned from the information that I have come across its looking more and more like this 2014 Ebola pandemic is a Global Illuminati NWO False Flag operation designed to reduce the world population through Vaccination manipulation. I believe the infection is in the injection waiting for the unsuspecting vulnerable to trusting world’s population to scream for a medical magical cure by the global rulers. Like Rahm Emanuel once said don’t let a good crisis go to waste. Too bad is its going to be a bait and switch folks the good old curve ball is going to be thrown to the general public an Diocletian’s Problem-Reaction-Solution is how elites throughout history have committed acts of murder and terrorism as a prétexte to create ennemies and corral populations behind tyrannical agenda’s.
Vatic Note: News is breaking on this subject, so fast, I can’t keep up with it in the normal way, so what I am going to do here is put several blogs together to try and build a big picture of our situation with respect to the Ebola virus so called out break. Here is how they were working it:
A bogus outbreak would occur, the US would come in with faulty tests for the virus and would declare the virus present. Then they would sell to the unsuspecting public the vaccine to ensure no contamination. Ironically the vaccine would contain the live virus, just like Baxter did with the swineflu bug back in 2009.
So now the question is “why did they choose to only infect with the live virus vaccine, instead of airborn that is far quicker and can hit a much larger population?” One reason, that is speculated, is that the PTB did not want to take the risk of infecting themselves so this was the only way to do it. Fool the test subjects, pretending they have the virus, and then vaccinate them with the actual CDC patented virus. Nice, huh?
Now it has also come up that the US miliary maybe prepping for using Ebola “pretend set up” here for martial law and gun confiscation. The problem with all of this is no one, and I do mean no one “trusts” our government anymore, so NO ONE will give up their guns and that will be the beginning of the end. It will cause, exactly what they do not want, a second revolution.
The Ebola virus was patented by the US government in October 2009 – at a time when mass swine flu vaccinations turned into a massive flop with only 3% of the Austrians, for example, taking the jab.
In February 2009, a US pharmaceutical company Baxter contaminated 72 kilos of their seasonal flu vaccine with the deadly bird flu virus in their biosecurity level 3 lab in Orth an der Donau Austria and sent the material to 16 labs in 4 countries, nearly triggering a global pandemic and mass forced vaccinations.
Just days after the Austrian police started to investigate the Baxter incident after I filed charges in April 2009, the swine flu pandemic started not far from another Baxter facility in Mexico City.
The article is reproduced in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
The audiobook for Rise of the Clones: The Cabbage Patch Babies is finally here and I’ve got a limited number of free trials to give away!
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• 🕸 The Darker Side of Disney • 🎭 Celebrity Cloning • 🍼 Cabbage Patch Babies • 🚂 The Orphan Trains • 👶 Baby Farms • 🧬 Hybrids & Inbreeding
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Here’s a blog post summarizing the research on the Dos Palms flying serpent and the broader phenomenon of “American Dragons”:
Imagine this: It’s 1882, and you’re on a Southern Pacific train, rumbling through the California desert. Suddenly, a colossal, winged serpent—30 feet long with bat-like wings—attacks your locomotive! Passengers are screaming, revolvers are firing, and the beast is “roaring like a cow in distress.” Sounds like something out of a fantasy novel, right? Yet, this was the sensational headline from The Illustrated Police News on March 18, 1882, detailing an alleged incident near Dos Palms, California.1
This isn’t just a wild tale; it’s a fascinating peek into the “weird news” landscape of 19th-century America, an era when “American Dragons” supposedly terrorized the Western territories.
The Dos Palms Incident: A Thrilling (and Dubious) Account
The story, purportedly relayed by the train’s engineer and fireman and “corroborated by passengers,” claimed the train clipped the serpent’s tail, enraging it. The creature then pursued the train “two miles faster than chain lightning,” thrashed it, shattered windows, and then sailed off, seemingly impervious to the passengers’ bullets.1 The
Los Angeles Times was even cited as reporting the event, though historical archives show some discrepancies in that claim.1 The
Times‘s concluding line, “This is vouched for by everyone who was on the train, and is given for what it is worth,” hints at the era’s blend of sensationalism and a subtle wink to the reader about the story’s incredible nature.1
“American Dragons”: A Pattern of the Peculiar
The Dos Palms serpent was far from unique. Mark Chorvinsky, editor of Strange Magazine, coined the term “American Dragons” to describe a recurring motif of winged reptilian monsters reported across the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.3 These creatures shared remarkably consistent, often biologically impossible, traits:
Flight, Aquatic, and Terrestrial Abilities: They could fly, live underwater, and walk on land.3
Bullet Immunity: Bullets “invariably ‘rang as though striking armor plate’,” having “no effect”.1
Consistent Size: Typically 28 to 45 feet long, with the Dos Palms serpent fitting right in at 30 feet.1
Dramatic Encounters: Often involved confrontations with trains or livestock, vouched for by “reliable witnesses”.3
Lack of Evidence: Despite claims of specimens being killed, there was “invariably lacked follow-up coverage or physical evidence”.3
Beyond Dos Palms, other notable “American Dragons” included the fearsome Lake Elizabeth Monster in California 1, the legendary Tombstone Thunderbird of Arizona 4, and the “River Dragon” of Napoleon, Ohio.5
The Age of “Yellow Journalism” and Tall Tales
Why did such fantastical stories flourish? The late 1800s were a “perfect storm for sensational storytelling”.3 This was the heyday of “yellow journalism,” a style that prioritized “sensationalism over facts” to “boost circulation”.3 Publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer were locked in fierce competition, and outrageous stories, regardless of their factual basis, sold newspapers.3
Communication technology was limited, making “fact-checking nearly impossible”.3 Moreover, the frontier culture itself “embraced tall tales as entertainment,” with Western newspapers serving as “creative outlets for writers” who knew their readers expected that “almost anything could actually happen in this Lawless land”.3 It was an era where “even major newspapers ran stories of sea serpents, apelike wild men and haunted houses alongside more sober reporting”.1 Hoaxes like the Great Moon Hoax of 1835 and the Great Wall of China Demolition Hoax of 1899 were widely circulated, demonstrating the public’s appetite for a blend of information and fantasy.7
More Than Just Monsters: Cultural Significance
These “weird news” stories were more than just entertainment. They functioned as “cultural categories and symbols,” reflecting the “anxieties, concerns, and power dynamics of the time”.9 Monsters represented the “unknown and uncategorizable,” much like they did on earlier maps, symbolizing the uncertainties of exploration.9
In the American West, these monster encounters also played a role in “the construction and consolidation of masculine identities”.9 Confronting these creatures in the wilderness was framed as an opportunity for “daring adventurers” to “discover, combat, and capture unknown creatures,” symbolically “claiming the unknown for ‘civilization’ and scientific categorization”.9 The image of passengers firing revolvers at the flying snake perfectly embodies this cultural assertion of control over the wild and inexplicable.1
The prevalence of “weird news” also challenges the idea that the 19th century was a period of complete “disenchantment” from supernatural belief. Instead, it suggests a “continued, or at least semi-enchanted, worldview,” where a deep fascination with the preternatural persisted despite scientific advancements.9
Mark Chorvinsky: The Skeptical Investigator
Mark Chorvinsky, the researcher who documented “American Dragons,” approached these phenomena with “open-minded skepticism”.10 His
Strange Magazine aimed to apply the “scientific method to scientifically delinquent topics” like cryptozoology, not to convince readers to believe, but to investigate.10 He famously spent years researching the “infamous Thunderbird Photo,” ultimately concluding it “most likely does not exist,” but found value in studying why so many credible witnesses believed they had seen it.10 His work highlights the crucial distinction between studying folklore as a cultural artifact and attempting to validate it as biological fact, a common pitfall of cryptozoology.12
The Dos Palms flying serpent, and its “American Dragon” kin, may not have been real, but their stories offer a captivating window into a bygone era of journalism, frontier culture, and the enduring human fascination with the mysterious. They remind us that sometimes, the most incredible tales reveal the most about ourselves.
The Dos Palms Flying Serpent: A Case Study in 19th-Century American “Weird News”
Executive Summary
This report investigates the sensational 1882 “flying snake” attack on a Southern Pacific Railroad train near Dos Palms, California, as reported by The Illustrated Police News and purportedly by the Los Angeles Times. The incident is examined within the broader context of “American Dragons”—a recurring motif of winged reptilian monsters prominent in 19th and early 20th-century American folklore. The analysis reveals that the Dos Palms event, while presented as a factual account, exemplifies the pervasive “yellow journalism” of the era and the frontier culture’s embrace of tall tales, which often blurred the lines between genuine news and creative fiction. These “American Dragon” narratives, despite lacking verifiable evidence, functioned as significant cultural signifiers, reflecting societal anxieties, shaping masculine identities, and challenging the notion of a fully “disenchanted” world. The report underscores the critical work of folklorists and researchers, such as Mark Chorvinsky, in analyzing these phenomena as cultural artifacts rather than literal cryptozoological claims.
1. Introduction: The Dos Palms Flying Serpent – A Glimpse into 19th-Century “Weird News”
The headline from The Illustrated Police News on March 18, 1882, dramatically announced a “Terrible attack on Southern Pacific Railroad train near Dos Palms, Calif. Express attacked by flying snake, passengers firing at monster with revolvers”.1 This striking declaration immediately immerses the reader in an extraordinary historical account, one that defies conventional understanding of reality. The very existence of such a headline, presented as news in a widely circulated publication, signals a fundamental divergence in journalistic standards and public expectations compared to contemporary media.
The central inquiry of this report is how such extraordinary historical accounts, which challenge modern interpretations of factual reporting, are critically interpreted. This investigation aims to frame the Dos Palms incident not merely as a historical news item, but as a complex interplay of folkloric narrative, prevalent journalistic practices, and the broader cultural environment of its time. The initial encounter with such a sensational headline prompts an immediate recognition of the distinct historical, journalistic, and cultural contexts that allowed such stories to flourish, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of their origins and significance.
2. The Dos Palms Incident: Anatomy of a Frontier Sensation
The narrative of the Dos Palms flying serpent attack unfolds with vivid detail, placing the reader on a Southern Pacific express steam locomotive as it traversed the Colorado Desert from Yuma, Arizona, to Los Angeles, having just passed the oasis of Dos Palmas.1 Eyewitness accounts, purportedly relayed by the engineer and fireman and corroborated by passengers upon their arrival in Los Angeles, describe a peculiar sight: a “column of sand” about a half-mile ahead that inexplicably transformed into a strange animal, moving perpendicularly towards the train.1
The creature was described as approximately 30 feet long and 12 inches in diameter, with its tail dragging on the ground and two large wings positioned near its head, suggesting a serpentine yet avian or bat-like morphology.1 The encounter escalated violently when the swiftly moving train reportedly clipped a portion of the creature’s tail, an act that “enraged the enormous serpent.” It then pursued its “steel attacker” at an incredible speed, described as “two miles faster than chain lightning,” quickly overtaking the locomotive. Striking from a position of safety above, the monster “gave the train a lively thrashing, roaring like a cow in distress all the time,” shattering several windows in its onslaught.1 After the serpent pulled back and sailed off, passengers, given a moment to recover, unholstered their pistols and unleashed a “shower of lead” after the beast. However, the bullets, “if they hit their target at all, had no effect as the monster winged its way back across the desert sands”.1
The narrative is characterized by its highly dramatic and evocative language, employing vivid imagery such as “chain lightning” and “roaring like a cow” to captivate and thrill the reader. This stylistic choice is a hallmark of the sensationalist journalistic practices prevalent in the era. The inclusion of specific eyewitnesses—the engineer, fireman, and corroborating passengers—lends a superficial air of credibility to the fantastical event, despite its inherent implausibility.
A critical examination of the primary source claims reveals a significant discrepancy. While multiple sources explicitly state that the Los Angeles Times reported the incident on January 17, 1882 1, the provided digitized archive snippet for that date 2 shows the
Daily Los Angeles Herald with unrelated content. This contradiction highlights the inherent challenges of historical source verification and the potential for misattribution or unverified claims to be propagated through secondary sources. This factual inconsistency directly impacts the perceived “corroboration” of the event, suggesting that the Times citation might be a later, unverified reference in a secondary source, or that the specific Times article is not easily accessible in the particular archive consulted. This necessitates a critical re-evaluation of the claims of corroboration.
The concluding phrase attributed to the Los Angeles Times, “This is vouched for by everyone who was on the train, and is given for what it is worth” 1, is particularly revealing. This cautious phrasing indicates a degree of journalistic detachment or perhaps a tacit acknowledgment of the story’s incredible nature. This reveals a subtle yet significant tension within 19th-century journalism. While actively engaging in sensationalism to attract readers, there was often an implicit understanding, or even a playful acknowledgment, between the newspaper and its audience regarding the literal veracity of such outlandish tales. This suggests that readers might have consumed and enjoyed these stories primarily as entertainment, rather than strictly factual reporting, even when published by “major newspapers.” This dynamic underscores the blurred lines between news and fiction that characterized the era, where readers expected a blend of information and fantasy.3
3. “American Dragons”: A Recurring Motif in the American West
The Dos Palms incident is not an isolated anomaly but rather an early example of a rich tradition of winged reptilian monsters that were purportedly sighted terrorizing America’s western territories and wild environs during the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.1 This phenomenon was notably dubbed “American Dragons” by Mark Chorvinsky, the founder and editor of
Strange Magazine, in a 2000 article.4 Chorvinsky, a multifaceted figure with a background as a stage magician, entrepreneur, filmmaker, and writer, dedicated his life to investigating strange and anomalous phenomena. His approach was characterized by “open-minded skepticism,” aiming to conduct in-depth investigations rather than simply to prove or disprove the existence of these creatures.5
Chorvinsky documented that these creatures exhibited “remarkably consistent patterns” across various Western states, suggesting a shared narrative template rather than independent biological sightings.4 They shared distinctive, often biologically impossible, characteristics: alleged ability to fly, live underwater, and walk on land—abilities “unknown to any real animal”.4 A recurring motif was their apparent invulnerability to conventional weaponry; bullets fired at them “invariably ‘rang as though striking armor plate’,” having “no effect”.1 Reported sizes consistently ranged between 28 to 45 feet in length, with the Dos Palms serpent, at 30 feet long, fitting squarely within this range.1 Encounters were typically dramatic, featuring “reliable witnesses who vouched for authenticity” and involved “dramatic confrontations with trains or livestock”.1 Crucially, despite claims of specimens being killed and pieces taken for analysis, these accounts “invariably lacked follow-up coverage or physical evidence”.4
The striking consistency in the characteristics attributed to “American Dragons” (e.g., flight, amphibious capabilities, bullet immunity, specific size ranges) points strongly to a shared cultural template or journalistic formula rather than independent sightings of a real cryptid. This suggests that these narratives were likely constructed or heavily embellished using established tropes from global dragon folklore 8 and then adapted to resonate with the specific cultural anxieties and expectations of the American frontier. This adaptation allowed these stories to serve particular cultural functions beyond simple entertainment.
Table 1: Recurring Characteristics of “American Dragons”
Characteristic Category
Specific Trait
Description/Observed Pattern
Locomotion
Flight
Capable of sustained flight, often described as fast (e.g., “two miles faster than chain lightning”).
Locomotion
Aquatic Ability
Able to inhabit and move through water bodies (e.g., Lake Elizabeth monster, Maumee River dragon).
Locomotion
Terrestrial Movement
Capable of movement on land, sometimes with difficulty (e.g., “tail dragging on the ground”).
Defense
Bullet Immunity
Bullets consistently described as ineffective, “ringing as though striking armor plate,” or having “no effect.”
Size
Length
Generally reported between 28-45 feet in length (Dos Palms serpent at 30 feet).
Witness Accounts
Witness Credibility
Accounts often “vouched for by everyone” on scene, with claims of “reliable witnesses.”
Witness Accounts
Type of Confrontation
Frequent dramatic confrontations with trains, livestock, or human adventurers.
Evidence
Physical Evidence
Persistent absence of physical specimens, follow-up evidence, or verifiable photographs (e.g., Thunderbird Photo).
Beyond the Dos Palms incident, other notable “American Dragon” reports include:
Lake Elizabeth Monster (California): Active from 1830 to around 1890, this creature was described as “probably the most fearsome being ever recorded in… America”.4 Its presence was heralded by volcanic rumbling and a potent, unsettling odor, and its roar was said to “curdle the blood of a mummy”.1 Physically, it was a slimy, reddish beast, about 30 feet long, with a long snout, jagged yellow teeth, enormous bat wings, long hind legs, a barbed tail, a shaggy yellow mane, and emerald, dinner-plate-sized eyes. It was known to attack livestock.1
Tombstone Thunderbird (Arizona, 1890): This legend involves a giant flying bird, initially reported with an alarming wingspan of 160 feet and a length of 92 feet, possessing smooth skin and transparent membrane wings.9 Later, more “reasonable” estimates for its wingspan were between 20-30 feet.9 The legend was significantly embellished by later accounts, particularly by Pearl, who added the now-famous element of a photograph depicting the carcass, which subsequently became a widely believed but ultimately non-existent “phantom photo”.6
Fletcher, Illinois “Huge Reptile” (1896): A farmer was startled by a huge reptile, described as 15 feet in length, as thick as a telegraph pole, black, and with a hooded head. Three smaller ones, measuring 18-20 feet, were seen struggling with a lamb. This sighting was reportedly witnessed by at least twenty persons.10
Napoleon, Ohio “River Dragon” (1902): Reports of this creature circulated for 15 years prior to 1902. It was seen on the banks of the Maumee River, moving with ease both on land and in water. Described as resembling a river lizard, it was 9-10 feet long, 24-30 inches high, and 14 inches across, featuring a large tail covered in minute scales and and two small, web-shaped feet.10
Snallygaster (Maryland, 18th-20th century): A bird-reptile chimera with a metallic beak, razor-sharp teeth, and sometimes octopus-like tentacles, rumored to suck blood. Notably, 1909 sightings were later revealed to be a hoax orchestrated by a Middletown Valley Register editor and reporter to boost readership, drawing themes from existing German folklore and the Jersey Devil legend.11
Crawfordsville Monster (Indiana, 1890s): Described as a “horrible apparition” in the sky, this creature became significant fodder for newspaper headlines. While its origins were eventually discovered to be earthly, its legendary status highlights the power of “fake news” in shaping public perception.12
4. The Press Landscape of the Late 19th Century: Breeding Ground for the Bizarre
The late 1800s in the American West provided a “perfect storm for sensational storytelling” within the burgeoning newspaper industry.4 This period coincided directly with the rise of “yellow journalism,” a distinctive journalistic style that prioritized “sensationalism over facts” primarily to “boost circulation”.4 Major newspaper publishers, such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, were engaged in “fierce battles for readership,” driving the competitive adoption of sensationalist tactics.4 The term “yellow journalism” itself originated from a popular cartoon strip, “Hogan’s Alley,” and subsequently expanded to describe the profit-driven, often exaggerated coverage of various events, including significant international conflicts.13
Several cultural and technological factors facilitated the proliferation of hoaxes during this era:
Communication Technology: The technological limitations of the 1880s meant that “fact-checking nearly impossible,” creating an environment where “outrageous stories” could “spread across the country before they could be properly verified”.4 This allowed hoaxes to gain widespread traction.
Frontier Culture: The prevailing frontier culture actively “embraced tall tales as entertainment.” Western newspapers, therefore, functioned not only as news sources but also as “creative outlets for writers” who found fertile ground in their readers’ expectations that “almost anything could actually happen in this Lawless land”.4
Blurred Lines in Reporting: It was a distinctive era in American journalism where “even major newspapers ran stories of sea serpents, apelike wild men and haunted houses alongside more sober reporting on politics, crime and daily life”.1 This demonstrates a fluid boundary between factual reporting and fantastical narratives.
Journalistic Ethics: 19th-century journalism, particularly the “New Journalism,” was characterized by a “less stringent adherence to facts compared to scientific documents”.14 Furthermore, practices such as the widespread “borrowing” of items from other newspapers, often “without attribution,” and the common inclusion of “gossip, rumors, and scurrilous personal attacks” contributed to a less rigorous ethical environment.3
The confluence of “yellow journalism,” limited communication technology, and a frontier culture that embraced tall tales created a powerful feedback loop. Sensational stories, regardless of their factual basis, demonstrably increased newspaper circulation 3, which in turn incentivized publishers to produce even more outlandish content. This dynamic actively shaped journalistic content, prioritizing reader engagement and entertainment over strict factual accuracy, effectively normalizing the inclusion of “weird news” as a legitimate and profitable journalistic genre. This represents a causal relationship where market forces fundamentally altered the definition and practice of “news” itself, transforming it into a hybrid of information and entertainment.
The period saw numerous prominent hoaxes widely circulated by American newspapers:
Table 2: Prominent 19th-Century American Newspaper Hoaxes
Hoax Name
Approximate Year(s)
Key Newspaper(s) / Originators
Nature of Hoax
Primary Purpose / Impact
The Great Moon Hoax
1835
The Sun
Fictional astronomical discoveries of lunar life
Boost circulation, entertainment, catalyst for journalism ethics discussion
Great Wall of China Demolition Hoax
1899
Four Denver reporters
Fabricated international news about demolishing the Great Wall
Satirical fiction mistakenly reported as genuine news
Highlights susceptibility to misinterpretation
Cardiff Giant / Taughannock Giant
1869 / 1879
Various newspapers
Fake archaeological finds of petrified giants
Entertainment, copycat hoaxes
Snallygaster (1909)
1909
Middletown Valley Register editor and reporter
Monster sightings
Explicitly designed to increase readership
Crawfordsville Monster
1890s
Various newspapers in Indiana
“Horrible apparition” in the sky
Cited as an example of “fake news” from the period
The Great Moon Hoax of 1835, published by The Sun, claimed astronomical discoveries of lunar life. This series of articles served as a “shining example of how readers of the early penny press wanted entertainment as much as information” from their newspapers.3 The hoax, which presented a satirical analysis, succeeded due to the “vulnerability of the reading audience who by this time began to expect a dose of fantasy with factual information”.3 The publisher never fully admitted fraud but acknowledged its “useful effect in diverting”.3 This event is considered a “catalyst for the discussion of what readers expected and needed from their news media in a time when objectivity was just a concept”.3 Other examples include the Great Wall of China Demolition Hoax of 1899, an elaborate fake news article concocted by four Denver reporters that spread internationally 4, and Mark Twain’s satirical massacre story, which was mistakenly reported as genuine news.4 The Cardiff Giant (1869) and its copycat, the Taughannock Giant (1879), were notable hoaxes involving the “discovery” of petrified giants.16 The 1909 Snallygaster reports were later revealed to be a hoax orchestrated by a
Middletown Valley Register editor and reporter, explicitly designed to increase readership.11 Similarly, the Crawfordsville Monster of the 1890s, described as a “horrible apparition” in the sky, became significant fodder for newspaper headlines in Indiana and is cited as an example of “fake news” from the period.12 These examples collectively demonstrate that the Dos Palms incident was not an isolated oddity but rather a typical manifestation of a well-established journalistic practice, where sensationalism and hoaxes were integral to the business model and cultural function of newspapers.
5. Folklore, Cryptozoology, and the Enduring Myth
Mark Chorvinsky posited that the “American Dragons” phenomenon was a cultural amalgamation, drawing from diverse sources including traditional European dragon legends, Native American beliefs in the Thunderbird as an avian storm deity, and the intricate lore surrounding the Piasa, a pre-European mural depicting a dragon-like creature.1 Globally, dragon legends, though varying in specific features across cultures (e.g., winged European, snake-like Chinese/African, feathered Central American), share common archetypal traits such as serpentine or reptilian forms, scaly or feathered bodies, occasional wings, fire-breathing or poisonous attributes, tendencies to hoard treasure, and often a row of dorsal spines. Many narratives culminate in heroes slaying these formidable beasts.8 Native American cultures possess a rich tapestry of myths and legends that serve to explain natural phenomena and the intricate relationship between humans and the spirit world. These stories are vital for preserving and transmitting tribal beliefs, history, customs, and ethical values.17 Examples of other vaguely dragon-like or monstrous cryptids in American folklore include the Cumberland dragon (also known as goosefoot or cheeklaceella) from Tennessee in 1794, described as a two-legged creature that emitted red matter from its mouth 18, and the Wimpus from Eastern Tennessee woodsmen folklore, a gorilla-shaped creature with giant claws that spins invisibly, turning anything that approaches into “syrup or varnish”.19
Mark Chorvinsky was renowned for his “in-depth, and sometimes controversial, investigations” and his commitment to “open-minded skepticism” in the study of anomalous phenomena.5 His publication,
Strange Magazine, aimed to apply the “scientific method to scientifically delinquent topics” such as ufology, parapsychology, and cryptozoology. Crucially, Chorvinsky explicitly stated that the magazine’s purpose was “not convincing its readers to believe in anything,” but rather to investigate.6 A notable example of his work is the Thunderbird Photo legend. Chorvinsky dedicated years to investigating this “infamous” missing 19th-century photograph, which many researchers claimed depicted cowboys standing by a downed pterodactyl. Despite widespread belief in its existence, he ultimately concluded that the photo “most likely does not exist”.6 However, he found significant value in studying the phenomenon of so many credible witnesses believing they had seen it.7 He meticulously traced the Thunderbird legend to an 1890 article in the
Tombstone Epitaph, noting that the original story did not include a picture and that the photographic element was a later embellishment by Pearl, which subsequently fueled the widespread belief in the phantom photo.6
Chorvinsky’s rigorous and skeptical approach to “American Dragons” and, specifically, the Thunderbird Photo 6 stands in stark contrast to the typical methodologies and objectives of cryptozoology. Cryptozoology is defined as a “pseudoscience and subculture” dedicated to the search for and study of unknown, legendary, or extinct animals (termed “cryptids”) that are popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, and the Yeti.20 Mainstream science widely regards cryptozoology as a pseudoscience because it “does not follow the scientific method” and relies heavily on anecdotal information rather than empirical evidence.20 Scholars have observed cryptozoology’s tendency to reject mainstream scientific approaches and, at times, exhibit hostility towards established science, often drawing parallels with other pseudoscientific pursuits like ghost hunting.20 Historically, instances of “irrefutable evidence” presented by notable cryptozoologists have frequently been exposed as hoaxes upon closer examination or confession by the perpetrators.20 A subset of cryptozoology actively promotes Young Earth Creationism, thereby rejecting conventional scientific understandings of geology and evolution.20 By shifting the focus from attempting to prove the literal existence of these creatures to analyzing the phenomenon of belief and the narrative construction behind them, Chorvinsky elevates the study from pseudoscience to a legitimate academic pursuit within folklore and cultural studies. His work highlights a critical distinction between studying folklore as folklore (understanding its cultural significance and narrative patterns) and attempting to validate it as biological fact, a common pitfall of cryptozoology.
6. Beyond the Headlines: Cultural Significance of Monster Narratives
The emergence of “weird news” served as a new, prominent medium for the fantastical in the 19th century, particularly as monsters seemingly disappeared from more intellectualized and scientific cartography.14 Monsters featured in “weird news” were more than mere entertainment; they functioned as “cultural categories and symbols,” directly reflecting the “anxieties, concerns, and power dynamics of the time”.14 These creatures represented the “unknown and uncategorizable,” mirroring how monsters on earlier maps symbolized the uncertainties and dangers of exploration.14 More broadly, monster narratives help societies process and articulate shared experiences of horror and address “real anxieties, from wars and economic disasters, to insane political situations, climatic ruin and other issues in the news”.21 They serve to convey deeper “truths” about societal fears: “evil is afoot, you can’t trust what you see, the future is grim, you’re going to die”.21 The 19th century itself was a period marked by significant intellectual shifts, including an “apocalyptic vision” of Earth’s history (e.g., discoveries of mammoths and mastodons challenging established views of an orderly world), which contributed to a cultural climate receptive to monstrous narratives.22
Within Western nations, particularly the United States, monster encounters reported in “weird news” played a significant role in the “construction and consolidation of masculine identities”.14 These encounters with monstrous creatures in wilderness or frontier zones were framed as opportunities for “daring adventurers” to brave risks, and to “discover, combat, and capture unknown creatures,” thereby symbolically “claiming the unknown for ‘civilization’ and scientific categorization”.14 The act of passengers firing revolvers at the flying snake in the Dos Palms incident 1 or cowboys shooting at the Thunderbird 9 directly embodies this cultural imperative to assert control and dominance over the wild and the inexplicable. The “American Dragon” narratives, epitomized by the Dos Palms incident, can be interpreted as a crucial cultural mechanism for processing the profound anxieties associated with westward expansion and the untamed American frontier. The recurring motif of “claiming the unknown for ‘civilization’ and scientific categorization” 14 through fictionalized or exaggerated encounters suggests a deep societal need to impose order and meaning upon a chaotic, unpredictable, and often dangerous environment. The American frontier was a place of immense uncertainty, danger, and the unknown. By creating narratives where these unknown threats could be confronted (even if through fictionalized or exaggerated means) and subsequently “categorized” or “combatted,” these stories provided a psychological coping mechanism for a society grappling with the challenges of expansion. They offered a way to make the wild less terrifying by framing it within a human-centric narrative of struggle, resilience, and eventual (even if symbolic) conquest, thus fulfilling a deeper cultural and psychological function beyond simple amusement.
The persistent and widespread presence of “weird news” in the highly prevalent 19th-century newspapers serves as a direct challenge to Max Weber’s theory of disenchantment, which posits a teleological progression towards a fully rational, intellectualized society devoid of supernatural belief.14 Instead, it suggests a “continued, or at least semi-enchanted, worldview,” where a deep-seated fascination with the preternatural and the unknown persisted, even flourished, despite the advancements of science and industrialization.14
7. Conclusion: The Legacy of the Flying Serpent
The Dos Palms flying serpent attack, as presented in the sensationalist press of 1882, was more than a mere sensational headline or an isolated incident. It stands as a vivid manifestation of the “American Dragon” phenomenon, deeply embedded within the cultural fabric of the American West during a period of rapid expansion and social change. While likely an elaborate hoax or a significantly embellished tall tale, its significance lies not in its factual veracity but in its reflection of the era’s journalistic practices and cultural anxieties.
These narratives, including the Dos Palms incident, collectively contributed to a rich and enduring body of American folklore. They demonstrate a persistent human fascination with the preternatural and the unknown, even in an age increasingly defined by scientific and industrial progress. Crucially, they reveal how media, even when primarily driven by commercial sensationalism, can serve as a powerful and dynamic vehicle for cultural expression, simultaneously reflecting and shaping societal perceptions of the frontier, evolving masculine identities, and the fluid boundaries between the known and the mysterious. The continued appeal and academic study of these “American Dragon” stories, despite their status as debunked folklore, underscore the complex and often fluid relationship between truth, entertainment, and belief in the public imagination. This historical dynamic provides valuable insights into the ways societies construct meaning from the anomalous, a relationship that remains highly relevant and continues to evolve in contemporary media landscapes.
Here are some tags that would be suitable for the blog post:
American Dragons,19th Century, Journalism,Yellow Journalism,Frontier Folklore,Monster Stories,Weird News,Historical Hoaxes,Dos Palms,Mark Chorvinsky,Cryptozoology (as a cultural phenomenon,Wild West,Sensationalism,
You’ve probably heard the whispers, seen the headlines: Yellowstone. The name alone conjures images of a sleeping giant, a supervolcano capable of unleashing unimaginable power. Barely a month goes by without some new tremor or steam-driven explosion sending shivers down the spines of disaster preppers and news editors alike. Sometimes, it feels like the whole world is holding its breath, almost willing Yellowstone to blow.
But what’s the real story? Do the latest scientific findings bring good news or bad? Let’s dig into what a Yellowstone super-eruption could truly mean for our planet.
Peering Beneath the Surface: New Clues from Yellowstone
Recent research by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), published in Nature in January 2025, has given us an unprecedented look at what’s brewing beneath Yellowstone National Park. By meticulously mapping the electrical conductivity of the underground rocks, scientists were able to create a 3D picture of the magma reservoirs. Why electrical conductivity? Because molten rock is up to a thousand times more conductive than solid rock, making it relatively easy to pinpoint.
So, what did they find? The good news is that the magma isn’t one giant, unified pool filling a subterranean void. Instead, it’s mostly contained in pockets, making up a relatively small percentage (2-30%) of the surrounding hot, solid rock. Even better, these magma-hosting areas aren’t all connected, meaning a single, colossal eruption that empties everything in one go is unlikely.
The most intriguing revelation, however, points to where the next major eruption might be centered. The magma isn’t evenly distributed. A significant concentration — somewhere between 400 and 500 cubic kilometers of sticky, silica-rich rhyolite magma — is lurking beneath the northeast section of the Yellowstone Caldera, the massive crater left by the last super-eruption 630,000 years ago. This is a larger volume than what erupted in Yellowstone’s considerable Mesa Falls blast about 1.3 million years ago. Adding to this, hot basalt magma from deep within the Earth is continuously pumping heat into this region, keeping the rhyolite magma hot and steadily increasing its volume.
While this might sound alarming, remember that the magma is spread out. For a truly “super” eruption to occur, these pockets of molten rock would need to connect and pool together, accumulating enough volume to be expelled in one massive event. Nevertheless, the researchers behind the Nature paper suggest this area is the most probable location for the next significant outburst. The burning question remains: when?
Is a Super-Eruption “Overdue”?
Despite popular belief, a Yellowstone super-eruption is not overdue. The idea that it’s on a strict schedule is a misconception. Looking back at Yellowstone’s history, there have been three major eruptions: the Huckleberry Ridge eruption (around 2.1 million years ago), the Mesa Falls eruption (around 1.3 million years ago), and the Lava Creek outburst (630,000 years ago).
The average time between these three events is about 735,000 years. However, if we only consider the two truly “super” eruptions (those exceeding the 1,000 cubic kilometer threshold for ejected material), the return period is closer to 1.5 million years. Given this geological timeline, the next Yellowstone super-eruption could still be a very, very long time away. But make no mistake, it will happen eventually, and its impact will be immense, affecting not just the United States but the entire planet.
What a Super-Eruption Would Look Like
To understand what a future Yellowstone eruption might entail, we can look to its past. All previous super-eruptions shared common characteristics: an explosion so powerful that magma was ripped apart, generating colossal amounts of ash. Each eruption was also followed by the collapse of the crust above the emptied magma reservoir, forming a giant caldera—like the 60-kilometer-wide Yellowstone Caldera we see today, which was created during the most recent Lava Creek eruption.
It’s also important to remember that between these enormous events, Yellowstone has experienced many smaller eruptions, often non-explosive lava flows. The last eruption, around 70,000 years ago, was a relatively quiet extrusion of lava.
So, what about the big one? What would we experience as Yellowstone prepares for a volcanic cataclysm, and during the eruption itself?
The Warning Signs
Predicting the exact timeline and warning signs for a super-eruption is challenging. Yellowstone is a restless place, with constant seismic activity, bubbling mud pools, and the ground continually rising and falling. While it seems logical that a super-eruption would be preceded by more intense versions of these same warning signs, research from other supervolcanoes, like Mount Toba in Indonesia, suggests that warning signs could be minimal, offering little notice of an impending, world-changing event.
This is particularly concerning for anyone living within about 100 kilometers (60 miles) of the Yellowstone volcano, as escape might be nearly impossible once the eruption begins. However, recent geological fieldwork indicates that the Lava Creek event was preceded by two smaller, explosive eruptions, perhaps separated by years or even decades. We might see similar “starter” events before the main course. The challenge, from a mitigation standpoint, is that it would be difficult to determine which eruption, if any, is the “super” one until after the fact, once the volume of disgorged material can be quantified. Regardless of the exact volume, any eruption of this magnitude would be cataclysmic for the country.
The Eruption Unfolds
When it comes, the next Yellowstone super-eruption will be impossible to ignore, and its consequences unavoidable, whether you’re nearby or on the other side of the world.
The eruption would likely begin at a single vent where the crust above the magma reservoir is weakest. As gas-rich, highly viscous rhyolite magma, under immense pressure, breaches the surface, it would violently tear itself apart. The initial detonation would be deafening to anyone in the vicinity.
A towering plume of ash and pumice would blast upwards faster than the speed of sound, reaching the edge of space within minutes and then spreading laterally, plunging everything below into darkness. A torrent of hot ash and pumice falling across Yellowstone and the surrounding region would ignite fires, heat the air, and make breathing nearly impossible. But that’s just the beginning.
As parts of the eruption column collapse under their own weight, they would trigger pyroclastic flows—fast-moving surges of hot ash, incandescent gas, and near-molten pumice fragments. These flows would hurtle outwards at speeds exceeding 300 km/h (180 mph), overtopping hills and filling valleys, incinerating and burying everything within about 100 kilometers (60 miles) of the vent.
Meanwhile, the upper part of the ash and pumice column would expand rapidly, forming a gigantic “umbrella” cloud that spreads darkness and a deluge of ash. Within 24 hours, ash would be falling across much of the United States and parts of Canada, causing widespread disruption: power outages, electronic failures, transportation chaos, flattened crops, and contaminated water supplies. Normal life would grind to a halt.
USGS modeling suggests that in most scenarios, ash more than a centimeter deep would cover an area of several million square kilometers. While cities like Miami and New York might only see a few millimeters of ash, Chicago, San Francisco, and Winnipeg could receive up to 3 centimeters. Areas closer to Yellowstone, such as Denver and Salt Lake City (within 1,500 km or 930 miles), would experience extremely disruptive ashfall, potentially meters deep closer to the volcano.
The ash, laden with toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, would pose a long-term contamination threat to water, crops, and animal feed. The eruption would likely unfold in stages, possibly with new vents opening, prolonging its disruptive impact. The most intense phase could occur as the central block of crust above the magma reservoir sinks into the evacuated space, forming a new caldera. In total, the entire event could last for weeks, perhaps even a month. But the immediate aftermath is only part of the story.
A Global Sunshade and Catastrophic Aftermath
While the heavy ashfall would devastate agriculture across North America and cripple the U.S. economy, the truly global impact would come from the vast quantities of sulfur dioxide gas blasted into the stratosphere. Within weeks, this gas would spread across the planet. When combined with atmospheric water vapor, it would form an aerosol of tiny particles, creating a global “veil” that reflects incoming sunlight and significantly lowers surface temperatures.
To put this in perspective, the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, though a major 20th-century volcanic event, was about one hundred times smaller than Yellowstone’s Lava Creek eruption. Yet, it caused a global temperature drop of about 0.5°C (1°F) for a couple of years. The 1815 eruption of Indonesia’s Tambora volcano, three to four times larger than Pinatubo, had a much greater impact, leading to the infamous “Year Without a Summer” in Europe, with widespread harvest failures and civil unrest.
So, what if Yellowstone, an eruption 25 times larger than Tambora, were to blow? Computer models predict a global temperature drop of up to 4°C (7°F) on average, up to 7°C (13°F) across land, and more than 10°C (18°F) across central North America. While temperatures would slowly climb back within a few years, it could take a couple of decades to return to previous levels. This severe cooling, nearly matching Ice Age temperatures, would be catastrophic for global agriculture, leading to widespread harvest failures and famine on an unimaginable scale, affecting both developed and developing nations. It’s hard to imagine global society and economy surviving in any recognizable form.
A Glimmer of Hope?
There is one small ray of light. A recent NASA study, though breaking with the general consensus, speculates that the temperature fall after a Yellowstone super-eruption might not be significantly greater than that following Pinatubo or Tambora, although the researchers acknowledge significant uncertainties.
Ultimately, the true severity of the resulting cooling won’t be known until Yellowstone erupts again. However cold it gets, the direct impact on the United States would have enormous repercussions worldwide and would severely test the resilience of global society and economy.
Perhaps the only true saving grace, as the latest research tells us, is that it doesn’t look like happening anytime soon.
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Bill McGuire is a volcanologist, climate scientist, writer, and broadcaster. His latest book is Sky Seed.
Yellowstone Park Ranger Injury please hang up and dial 911 for the most up-to-date planning information on Park lodging camping and things to do visit the park website at http://www.n ps.gov/ye ll Please listen carefully the following menu for information on the status of roads in the park press one for recorded message on how to reserve lodging and camping in the park. Press two for information about planning back country trip or obtaining a back country permit press three if you were inquiring about a lost and found item press four if you have further questions, please email YELL _ Information at nps .gov or press five thank you Yellowstone National Park
You Yeah, hey good afternoon. How are you?
Yellowstone Park Ranger Good how are you?
You Pretty good just I’m calling. I’m sure you’ve been getting maybe a lot of different phone calls lately. I’m just about on TikTok and across social media. They’ve been talking about animals acting funny in the park there. Just wondering if there’s any truth to that.
Yellowstone Park Ranger No, there’s not. I got someone who called earlier asking about I guess on TikTok they saw bison and bears like leaving the park and that is not true so
You That’s not true you guys haven’t had any seismic activity lately. That’s been a little odd at all.
Yellowstone Park Ranger No, we have not. That is also false. Whatever I mean we have about 3 000 earthquakes per year here in Yellowstone most than you don’t even feel as far as the giant volcano that we have we would be able to tell about 5 to 8 years in advance when that would go off so no.
You 5 to 8 years in advance wow that’s pretty good So there’s nothing strange going on up there at all at this point
Yellowstone Park Ranger Nope
You That’s definitely good. Relief to know OK Would you recommend any websites for people to look at to find out information?
Yellowstone Park Ranger I mean, it would just be our website the national Park service Yellowstone website or our national Park service app as well
You And if they do go on those apps, what they look for as far as information
Yellowstone Park Ranger I mean, it’s I mean it depends what are you trying to find I don’t I don’t understand. What are you trying to look for
You Just different activity, strange activities, nature, wise
Yellowstone Park Ranger Yeah, we don’t really have anything that talks about that unnecessarily you could I mean another reliable source would be are the Yellowstone official Instagram sometimes they’ll post things that are going on in the park that are maybe a little weird but not that would be the best
You OK, so there’s like no alert pages or anything like that
Yellowstone Park Ranger Not that I know of not not that would be reliable that are for the public
You OK, well yeah I was just kind of wondering about that as far as like if there were natural disasters or anything like that you know like storms or you know regular alert type things
Yellowstone Park Ranger I mean that you would probably find again on our website there’s like areas where you can kind of. See you know if there’s any like if places are closed or trails are closed for any sort of reason they would say it on there but no there’s there’s nothing really like that. We are explaining.
You Well, that’s good. I’m glad I gave you guys a call cause I kinda like to do a little bit of research into things you know as far as like I’m more of a skeptic than anything so that’s why I’m calling to kind of clear things up. So well, I appreciate your you know your answers and stuff. What’s your name by the way?
Yellowstone Park Ranger You Southeast
You Oh, that’s interesting. What culture is that from?
Yellowstone Park Ranger It’s a French name I’m not French, but the name is French yeah
You The first time I’ve ever heard that name that’s pretty cool All right, well thank you for your time. I appreciate it and you have a wonderful day and God bless you.
Yellowstone Park Ranger Of course, thank you so much. Have a good day bye-bye.
Hydrogels are remarkable materials known for their ability to absorb and retain large amounts of water. The type of hydrogels used for atmospheric water harvesting, like the one developed by MIT, are specifically engineered to not only absorb water vapor from the air but also to efficiently release it for collection as liquid water.
Here’s a breakdown of the kind of hydrogels that can absorb and “make” water in this context:
1. Hydrophilic Polymer Networks:
At their core, hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic (water-attracting) polymers. These polymers are cross-linked, meaning they are chemically or physically bonded together to form a stable, insoluble gel structure.
The hydrophilic groups (like hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine groups) within the polymer chains have a strong affinity for water molecules, allowing the gel to swell significantly as it absorbs moisture.
To enhance their water absorption capabilities, especially in dry air, hydrogels used for atmospheric water harvesting are often infused with hygroscopic salts, such as lithium chloride (LiCl).
Salts like LiCl are powerful desiccants, meaning they naturally attract and hold water molecules from the surrounding environment, even at low humidity levels.
MIT’s research, in particular, focused on significantly increasing the amount of lithium chloride infused into the hydrogel (up to 24 grams of salt per gram of polymer) to achieve “record-breaking” vapor absorption.
3. Tuned Microstructure and Composition for Absorption and Release:
Swelling and Deswelling: The hydrogels are designed to undergo reversible swelling and deswelling. They absorb water vapor from the air, expanding like a sponge. When heated (e.g., by sunlight), they release the absorbed water as vapor.
Preventing Salt Leakage: A key innovation in the MIT hydrogel is the incorporation of glycerol. Glycerol is a liquid compound that helps stabilize the lithium salt within the hydrogel, preventing it from crystallizing and leaking out with the collected water. This ensures the collected water is safe for drinking, as salt levels remain below standard thresholds.
Designed Porosity/Structure: While some hydrogels have micro or nano-pores that can lead to salt leakage, the MIT design specifically engineered the hydrogel’s microstructure to lack nanoscale pores, further limiting salt escape. Additionally, they molded the hydrogel into a “bubble wrap”-like pattern of small domes to increase surface area, optimizing water vapor absorption and release.
Thermo-responsiveness: These “smart” hydrogels are often thermo-responsive, meaning their ability to absorb and release water is influenced by temperature. The MIT hydrogel, for instance, releases water efficiently when heated by the sun. Some hydrogels, like polyethylene glycol (PEG), have even shown an increase in water absorption as temperatures climb, due to a phase transformation in their microstructure.
In essence, the hydrogels capable of absorbing and “making” water are sophisticated polymeric materials, often enhanced with specific salts and designed with optimized structures to efficiently capture atmospheric moisture and then release it as clean liquid water through a controlled process, often driven passively by solar heat.
How long till the return of Jesus Christ and the Anti Christ
From a Christian perspective, the exact timing of the return of Jesus Christ and the arrival of the Antichrist is not known. The Bible emphasizes that these events will occur unexpectedly.
Here’s a breakdown of what Christian prophecy generally indicates:
The Return of Jesus Christ (Second Coming):
No one knows the day or hour: Jesus himself stated that “concerning that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but the Father only” (Matthew 24:36).
Imminent, but with signs: While the specific timing is unknown, the Bible does describe various “signs of the end times” that are believed to precede His return. These include:
Wars and rumors of wars
Famines, pestilences (epidemics), and earthquakes
Increase in lawlessness and a decline in love
False christs and false prophets
Persecution of Christians
A global preaching of the Gospel
A great apostasy or rebellion from the faith
Visible and Glorious: His return will be personal, visible, and glorious, with every eye seeing Him.
The Antichrist:
Precedes Jesus’ return: The Antichrist is generally believed to rise to power before the Second Coming of Christ, particularly during a period often referred to as the “Tribulation.”
“Man of Sin” or “Lawless One”: He is described as a powerful, deceptive world leader who will oppose Christ and claim to be God. He will perform signs and wonders to deceive many.
A period of great tribulation: His reign is associated with a time of unprecedented difficulty and persecution for believers, often referred to as the “Great Tribulation,” which some interpretations believe will last for three and a half years.
Destroyed by Christ: The Antichrist will ultimately be defeated by Jesus Christ at His Second Coming.
Different Interpretations:
It’s important to note that within Christianity, there are different interpretations regarding the precise order and timing of these end-time events. Views like Pre-tribulation, Post-tribulation, Amillennial, and Premillennialism offer varying timelines for the Rapture (the “snatching away” of believers), the Tribulation, the rise of the Antichrist, and the millennial reign of Christ.
In summary, while the Bible provides many details about the characteristics and events surrounding the return of Jesus and the Antichrist, it explicitly states that the exact “when” is known only to God. Therefore, Christians are encouraged to live in readiness and watchfulness, discerning the signs of the times without setting specific dates.
1 Thessalonians 5:4 – King James Version
4 But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief.
This verse, 1 Thessalonians 5:4 from the King James Version, is a powerful statement about the readiness of believers for the return of Jesus Christ.
Let’s break down its meaning:
“But ye, brethren, are not in darkness…”: This refers to Christians, those who have put their faith in Jesus. “Darkness” here symbolizes ignorance, spiritual blindness, or being unaware of God’s truth and purposes. In contrast to those who do not believe, Christians are seen as being “in the light” because they have received the truth of the Gospel.
“…that that day should overtake you as a thief.”: “That day” refers to the day of the Lord, which in this context specifically points to the return of Jesus Christ (the Second Coming) and the accompanying judgment and transformation of the world. The imagery of a “thief” emphasizes the unexpected and sudden nature of this event for those who are unprepared. A thief comes without warning, catching people off guard.
The Implication:
The core message of this verse is that genuine believers, because they are spiritually enlightened and living in accordance with God’s will, should not be caught off guard by the Lord’s return. While the exact time is unknown to everyone, true Christians are expected to live in a state of readiness and awareness, discerning the “signs of the times” and living lives that reflect their faith.
It’s a call to:
Spiritual Vigilance: To be awake, alert, and watchful, rather than spiritually slumbering.
Righteous Living: To live lives that are consistent with their faith, as light dispels darkness.
Hope and Assurance: To have an understanding of God’s prophetic plan, which gives them hope rather than fear regarding the future.
In essence, while the world may be surprised by the Lord’s return, believers, by virtue of their relationship with God and their understanding of His word, are meant to be prepared and eagerly anticipating that day.
Daniel says the days and years
You’re absolutely right to point to the Book of Daniel when discussing specific timeframes. Daniel’s prophecies are unique in the Bible for their detailed chronological predictions, often expressed in terms of days, weeks (of years), and “times.”
Here are the key time periods mentioned in Daniel, and how they are commonly interpreted in Christian eschatology:
The “Seventy Sevens” or “Seventy Weeks” (Daniel 9:24-27):
This is arguably the most famous and meticulously analyzed prophecy in Daniel.
It states: “Seventy weeks are decreed about your people and your holy city…”
The Hebrew word translated “weeks” (shavuim) can also mean “sevens.” Most scholars understand this to mean “seventy sevens of years“, totaling 490 years.
Breakdown:
Seven sevens (49 years): This period is often linked to the rebuilding of Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile.
Sixty-two sevens (434 years): This period, combined with the first seven sevens, totals 69 sevens (483 years) and is widely believed to culminate in the first coming and “cutting off” (crucifixion) of the Messiah. The starting point is typically taken as a decree to rebuild Jerusalem (e.g., Artaxerxes’ decree in 445 BC).
One seven (7 years): This final “week” is where much of the debate and future-looking interpretation lies. Many believe there is a “gap” in the fulfillment of the prophecy between the 69th and 70th week. This final seven-year period is commonly identified as the Tribulation period, which will involve the rise of the Antichrist, a covenant he makes with Israel, and his eventual breaking of that covenant in the middle of the week (after 3.5 years).
“Time, Times, and Half a Time” (Daniel 7:25; Daniel 12:7):
This phrase is consistently interpreted as 3.5 years.
“Time” typically means one year, “times” means two years, and “half a time” means half a year.
This period is often equated with:
42 months: (Revelation 11:2; 13:5)
1,260 days: (Revelation 11:3; 12:6)
These 3.5 years are commonly seen as the latter half of the final “seven” of Daniel 9, also known as the “Great Tribulation,” during which the Antichrist will exercise his most intense persecution.
1,290 Days (Daniel 12:11):
This verse says: “From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days.”
This period is 30 days longer than the 1,260 days (or 3.5 years) mentioned elsewhere.
Interpretations for these extra 30 days vary, but often suggest a period of post-tribulation events, such as the cleansing of the land or initial preparations for the millennial kingdom.
1,335 Days (Daniel 12:12):
“Blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days.”
This is 45 days longer than the 1,290 days, and 75 days longer than the 1,260 days.
This period is often seen as leading into the beginning of the Millennial Kingdom, with the “blessing” being entry into that kingdom. The additional days could encompass events like the judgment of the nations (“sheep and goats” judgment in Matthew 25) or further restoration of the earth.
2,300 Evenings and Mornings / Days (Daniel 8:14):
“He said to me, ‘For 2,300 evenings and mornings. Then the sanctuary shall be restored to its rightful state.'”
This prophecy is widely believed to have had a primary fulfillment in the actions of Antiochus IV Epiphanes in the 2nd century BC, who desecrated the Jewish Temple. The 2,300 evenings and mornings refer to the twice-daily sacrifices that were halted for that period.
Some interpretations also see a dual fulfillment, with a future Antichrist mimicking these actions.
Important Considerations:
Prophetic Day-Year Principle: Many interpreters apply the “day-year principle” to some of Daniel’s prophecies (e.g., Ezekiel 4:6, Numbers 14:34), where a prophetic “day” represents a literal year. This is particularly crucial for understanding the “70 weeks” as 490 years.
Literal vs. Symbolic: There’s ongoing debate among scholars about whether all these time periods should be taken as literal days/years or if some have symbolic meaning. However, most futurist interpretations of Daniel take the days (1260, 1290, 1335) and weeks (of years) literally in their context.
The “Gap” Theory: The idea of a “gap” between the 69th and 70th week of Daniel’s prophecy (Daniel 9) is a significant aspect of dispensational theology. This gap is seen as the current church age, after which the final 7-year “week” will commence, leading to the return of Christ.
Daniel’s prophecies are incredibly detailed and have been studied for centuries. They provide a framework for understanding the timing and sequence of many end-time events, though the precise interpretation of every detail can vary.
so have many weeks has it been so far
That’s a great question, and it directly addresses the heart of how Daniel’s prophecy of the “seventy weeks” (Daniel 9:24-27) is understood.
As we discussed, the “seventy weeks” are interpreted as 70 “sevens” of years, meaning a total of 490 years.
The prophecy is broken down into three parts:
7 weeks (49 years): For the rebuilding of Jerusalem.
62 weeks (434 years): Leading to the Messiah.
1 week (7 years): The final week, often seen as the future Tribulation.
The Key is the Starting Point
To determine “how many weeks it has been so far,” we need to identify the starting point of this prophecy. Daniel 9:25 states: “Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the word to restore and build Jerusalem until Messiah the Prince, there shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks…”
There are several historical decrees from Persian kings that could potentially fit this description, but the most widely accepted starting point for the 490 years (especially in dispensational interpretations) is the decree issued by Artaxerxes I in 445 BC (or 444 BC by some calculations), as recorded in Nehemiah 2:1-8. This decree gave Nehemiah permission and resources to rebuild the city walls and gates of Jerusalem.
Calculating the First 69 Weeks (483 Years)
Starting Date: Most calculations begin with the decree in the 20th year of Artaxerxes, which is often dated to March 14, 445 BC.
Duration: The prophecy states 7 weeks + 62 weeks = 69 weeks, which, using the day-year principle (1 prophetic day = 1 literal year), equals 483 years.
Arrival of the Messiah: When you calculate 483 years from March 14, 445 BC, you arrive at a date around April 6, 32 AD. This date remarkably aligns with Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem on what we now call Palm Sunday, where he presented himself as the Messiah.
Where We Are “So Far”
Based on this common interpretation:
The first 69 weeks (483 years) have already been fulfilled. They culminated in the first coming and “cutting off” (crucifixion) of Jesus Christ.
The “Gap” and the 70th Week
Many prominent interpretations of Daniel’s prophecy propose a “gap” or “intermission” between the 69th week and the 70th week. This gap represents the current Church Age, during which God’s focus is on building the Church, largely composed of Gentiles, and the prophetic clock for Israel is temporarily paused.
Therefore, according to this view:
The 70th week (the final 7 years) has NOT yet begun. It is believed to be a future period, commonly identified as the Tribulation, which will commence after the Church is raptured.
So, to directly answer your question “how many weeks has it been so far”:
The first 69 prophetic “weeks” (483 literal years) have been fulfilled. We are currently in an unspecified period between the 69th and 70th week. The 70th week is still future.
What about the jew calander return of the king
You’ve touched on a very important distinction! When we talk about the “Jewish calendar and the return of the King,” we’re shifting from Christian interpretations of prophecy to a purely Jewish perspective on the coming of the Messiah (Mashiach).
In Judaism, the Messiah is a human leader, a descendant of King David (hence “King Messiah” or “Mashiach ben David”), who will usher in a Messianic Era. This era is characterized by:
Political and spiritual redemption of the Jewish people: Gathering Jews from exile back to the Land of Israel.
Rebuilding the Third Temple in Jerusalem.
Establishing a Jewish government in Israel that becomes the spiritual and moral center for the entire world.
World peace: “Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore” (Isaiah 2:4).
Universal knowledge of God: All humanity will recognize and serve the one God of Israel.
Elimination of evil and suffering.
Timing of the Messiah’s Coming in Jewish Thought:
Unlike the Christian reliance on specific prophetic timelines like Daniel’s “weeks,” Jewish tradition generally holds that the exact timing of the Messiah’s coming is not known and can be influenced by human actions.
Here are some key aspects of the Jewish view on timing:
“When he is most needed or most deserved”:
Some traditions suggest the Messiah will come when the world is in a state of utter sinfulness and despair, making his arrival a necessity for redemption (like a doctor visiting the sick).
Others believe he will come when the Jewish people, and humanity in general, achieve a high level of righteousness and spiritual merit, thereby “deserving” his arrival. This emphasizes the concept of Teshuvah (repentance) and Tikkun Olam (repairing the world).
No Fixed Date (with some speculation):
Maimonides, a towering figure in Jewish philosophy, codified the belief in the Messiah’s coming as one of the 13 principles of Jewish faith, stating: “I believe with a full heart in the coming of the Messiah, and even though he may tarry, I will wait for him every day.” This emphasizes constant readiness and anticipation, not date-setting.
While generally rejecting fixed dates, there have been various attempts throughout history by some rabbis to calculate potential times, often based on numerical interpretations of biblical verses or other mystical traditions. However, these calculations are not universally accepted and are often met with skepticism within mainstream Judaism, largely because past predictions have failed.
The Talmud does mention a tradition that the Messiah will come before the Hebrew year 6000. The current Hebrew year is 5785 (as of mid-2024 to mid-2025). This leaves about 215 years until that theoretical deadline, but again, this is treated more as a general framework than a precise prediction.
The “King is in the Field” (Elul):
The month of Elul (the last month of the Jewish year, preceding Rosh Hashanah) is a period of intense introspection and repentance. Jewish tradition says that during Elul, “the King is in the Field,” meaning God is more accessible and readily hears prayers and repentance, making it a particularly propitious time for spiritual growth that could hasten the Messiah’s coming.
The Feasts as Prophetic Blueprints (a Messianic Jewish/Christian Perspective):
While not a mainstream Jewish teaching, Messianic Judaism (which combines Jewish traditions with belief in Jesus as the Messiah) and some Christian traditions often view the Jewish holidays (Moedim, or “appointed times”) as prophetic blueprints for the Messiah’s first and second comings.
Spring Feasts (Passover, Unleavened Bread, Firstfruits, Pentecost): Believed to have been fulfilled by Jesus’ first coming (crucifixion, burial, resurrection, and the giving of the Holy Spirit).
Fall Feasts (Rosh Hashanah/Feast of Trumpets, Yom Kippur/Day of Atonement, Sukkot/Feast of Tabernacles): Believed to represent events related to the Messiah’s second coming.
Rosh Hashanah (Feast of Trumpets): Often associated with the “last trumpet” and the gathering of believers.
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement): Associated with national repentance of Israel and judgment.
Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles): Associated with the Messianic Kingdom and dwelling with God.
In summary, from a traditional Jewish perspective, the return of the “King” (Mashiach) is a fundamental belief and a fervent hope, but it’s not tied to specific countdowns on the Jewish calendar in the way some Christian interpretations use Daniel. Instead, it’s about living righteously, performing good deeds, and continually striving for repentance and holiness, as these actions are believed to hasten the arrival of the Messianic Age.
wormwood sign of Christ
In biblical prophecy, particularly in the Book of Revelation, Wormwood is not a sign of Christ’s return directly, but rather a sign of severe judgment and calamity that occurs during the period preceding or accompanying His return.
Let’s break down its meaning and context:
Revelation 8:10-11 is the primary passage:
“The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star, blazing like a torch, fell from the sky on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water— the name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters turned bitter, and many people died from the waters that had become bitter.”
Here’s what this passage and the broader biblical understanding of “wormwood” convey:
Symbol of Bitterness, Suffering, and Divine Judgment:
In the Old Testament, “wormwood” (Hebrew: la’anah) is consistently used metaphorically to describe intense bitterness, sorrow, affliction, and the dire consequences of disobedience and sin. It’s often paired with “gall” (another bitter substance).
Examples: Deuteronomy 29:18 (warning against a “root bearing poisonous and bitter fruit [wormwood]”); Jeremiah 9:15, 23:15 (God feeding His disobedient people “wormwood and poisoned water”); Lamentations 3:15, 19 (the prophet’s intense suffering likened to being filled with wormwood).
In Revelation, the “star named Wormwood” falling on the waters signifies a literal event that brings about widespread suffering and death due to contaminated (bitter and poisonous) fresh water. It’s a severe divine judgment.
Part of the Trumpet Judgments:
The event of Wormwood occurs as the third of the seven trumpet judgments in Revelation. These trumpet judgments are a series of catastrophic events that unfold on Earth as part of God’s wrath, leading up to the final culmination of His plan.
They are “partial” judgments (affecting a “third” of the earth, sea, rivers, or heavenly bodies), indicating that they are severe warnings and opportunities for repentance before the even more devastating “bowl judgments.”
Not Christ Himself, Nor a Direct Sign of His Immediate Arrival:
Wormwood is a consequence of divine judgment, not a manifestation of Christ. Christ’s return is described as glorious, visible to all, and associated with His victory and righteous rule, not with poisoning water sources.
While it is an “end-times” event and part of the sequence leading to the very end, it’s a sign of the Tribulation period (or a period of intense judgment within it), rather than a direct “sign of Christ” in the sense of His appearing. It’s a sign that humanity’s rebellion is bringing about dire consequences.
Interpretations of the “Star Wormwood”:
Literal Celestial Event: Many interpret “a great star, blazing like a torch” as a literal asteroid, comet, or other celestial body that impacts Earth, causing massive contamination of freshwater.
Symbolic Figure: Some historical interpretations have seen “Wormwood” as symbolic of a powerful leader or a heretical teaching that brings spiritual bitterness and corruption.
The Chernobyl Connection: A notable modern interpretation (though often considered speculative by biblical scholars) links “Wormwood” to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, as “Chernobyl” is derived from a Ukrainian word for a type of wormwood plant (Artemisia vulgaris). This interpretation sees the nuclear fallout as a literal fulfillment of the waters being made bitter and deadly.
In summary, “Wormwood” is a vivid prophetic image in Revelation representing a significant act of divine judgment that brings immense suffering and bitterness to a portion of the Earth’s freshwater supply. It signals escalating tribulation and serves as a powerful warning, but it is distinct from the actual return of Jesus Christ, which is portrayed as a triumphant and redemptive event for His followers.
New research suggests the mysterious force accelerating the universe could be weakening — challenging our entire understanding of space and time.
Astronomers have made a discovery that could completely reshape our understanding of the universe and its expansion.
Researchers recently found that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the cosmos — might not be a constant after all. In fact, new evidence suggests it could be weakening over time.
If true, this revelation could topple the long-standing standard cosmological model known as the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model. This model accounts for dark energy, regular matter, and “cold” dark matter — a hypothetical type of slow-moving matter compared to the speed of light. The “lambda” in ΛCDM refers to Einstein’s cosmological constant, which assumes that the universe’s rate of expansion remains fixed.
However, observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona, first reported last year, hinted that dark energy may be evolving. This March, scientists released follow-up findings that further support this unusual and potentially groundbreaking idea.
“This is exciting — it might actually be putting the standard model of cosmology in danger,” said Yashar Akrami, an assistant research professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid, speaking to New Scientist.
Rather than scrapping the ΛCDM model entirely, Akrami and his team propose redefining dark energy as a “quintessence field.” This idea, which has been around for some time, imagines dark energy not as a fixed quantity but as something dynamic, changing over time.
If quintessence turns out to be real, it could also help align cosmological observations with advanced ideas from string theory, much to the excitement of physicists.
“If you prove that quintessence is dark energy, it’s very good for [string theorists],” Akrami said. “That’s why the string theory community is really excited now.”
An even more radical idea is that this new form of dark energy could interact with gravity itself. Pedro Ferreira, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford, explained to New Scientist that we might be witnessing the emergence of an additional “fifth force” in the universe.
“We’ve always thought about gravity as the force that fuels everything,” Ferreira said. “But now there could be an additional force, born from dark energy, influencing the universe alongside gravity.”
Of course, Ferreira cautions that we haven’t yet observed direct evidence of this fifth force — at least not in the local universe, where measurements are extremely precise.
“Physics ends up being even more complicated than we thought it could have been,” he added. “And that kind of makes you wonder, why do you want to go down that route?”
Ferreira believes that scientists may spend years debating new models of dark energy without ever reaching a final answer. But the hunt continues: upcoming observations from the European Space Agency’s Euclid satellite and further studies by DESI could offer critical clues.
In the meantime, one thing is clear: our universe is proving to be even stranger — and more fascinating — than we ever imagined.
From Cult Exposers to Cult Leaders? The Shocking Story of the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light.
For years, two young filmmakers from Indiana dedicated themselves to the murky world of cults, venturing into their inner circles and capturing their secrets on film. Their exposés garnered attention, even earning them coverage in Wired and local news outlets. But now, in a twist that reads like a dark Hollywood script, these very men stand accused of leading one of the fastest-growing and most bizarre doomsday cults on the planet: the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light. Based in a converted orphanage in Crewe, England, this movement, spearheaded by Abdullah Hashem Aba Al-Sadiq (Arabic: عبدالله هاشم أبا الصادق; born 1983), also commonly known as Abdullah Hashem, He also claims to be the comforter mentioned by Jesus, and the successor to Simon Peter, and the true and legitimate pope. Abdullah Hashem paints a terrifying picture of imminent global catastrophe. Hashem, who his followers address as “Master,” claims we are mere “hours” away from a “flood of blood” and urges his devotees to sever ties with their past lives, sell their homes, and pledge unwavering allegiance to him. In 2015, Abdullah Hashem announced that he was the Qa’im Al Muhammad (“Second Mahdi“) With over 200 followers living alongside him and a global reach through satellite television and a sprawling social media presence, his message of impending doom and the promise of salvation through him is spreading like wildfire.His Youtube Channel is https://www.youtube.com/@ahmadireligion But behind the apocalyptic pronouncements lies a disturbing reality, according to former members. Allegations of sexual coercion, arranged marriages, and demands for absolute financial devotion paint a grim picture of life within the cult’s walls. Hashem’s teachings also veer into the bizarre, incorporating space aliens, the Illuminati, and the outlandish notion of human-sized rabbits on other planets who keep humans as pets. Adding to the unsettling nature of the group, new recruits are reportedly subjected to a blood oath ritual, their blood mixed in a jar kept within a replica of the Ark of the Covenant. “Accepting this covenant is the only thing that will save you from the punishment which is about to come down upon mankind,” Hashem declared in a chilling address to his followers. He portrays COVID-19 as just the beginning, warning of worse plagues and global wars where “people will eat people out of hunger.” His pronouncements of a coming “flood of blood,” not water, paint a vivid and terrifying picture for his adherents. Hashem positions himself as the Mahdi, the prophesied savior in Islamic tradition who appears in the end times to restore justice. Caroline Hoeren, the group’s head of legal, states that belief in and obedience to Hashem are paramount for salvation and the creation of a “utopian society.” This belief system demands complete dedication, with Hashem explicitly asking followers to “sell their homes, come be a part of the community, and follow me,” prioritizing him and the group’s mission above their own families. Many have reportedly liquidated their assets and donated everything to their self-proclaimed prophet. Adding to the messianic claims are purported miracles. Videos circulated by the group feature followers testifying to Hashem’s ability to resurrect the dead, cure terminal illnesses, and even make the moon disappear. One woman claimed to have witnessed angels flying to attest to his divinity, while another recounted seeing him transform leaves into living creatures. However, the seemingly devout community harbors darker secrets. Former senior member “Yasir” revealed that Hashem arranged numerous marriages within the group. More disturbingly, several former female members allege sexual coercion at Hashem’s hands. “Mylan,” who lived with the community in Germany for four years, claims two women filed police complaints against Hashem for manipulation and coercion. Franck, another former member from the German community, created a website detailing these allegations, including a disturbing account of Hashem demanding oral sex from a married woman as “forgiveness” for alleged sexual thoughts. The group’s sacred text, The Goal of the Wise, further delves into disturbing territory, claiming that in their version of paradise, “boys are ‘also for sex’ for both ‘men and the women'” and that “there is no right or wrong.” The control exerted by Hashem appears absolute. “Abdullah told me to put my arm in a cutting machine,” Mylan recounted. “He told another member to jump from a third-story building and someone else to jump into the fire.” Yasir also revealed an instance where Hashem allegedly instructed him and another member to murder someone. Franck corroborated this atmosphere of fear and obedience, stating that members are encouraged to report on each other, and those suspected of doubt are spied upon. The disappearance of Lisa Wiese, the German wife of Hashem’s brother, adds another layer of unease. She vanished in India in 2019 while traveling with one of Hashem’s closest disciples and has never been seen again. Yasir claims Wiese had become disillusioned with the group before her disappearance. The story takes an even more bizarre turn when examining the past of the two men at the helm of this alleged doomsday cult. Abdullah Hashem and Joseph McGowen met in high school in Mooresville, Indiana, bonding over filmmaking and esoteric interests. They even made a comedy film that played in local cinemas. Their shared passion led them down a peculiar path. In 2005, they infiltrated the Raelian movement, a UFO religion, under the guise of making a documentary. Their exposé led to a lawsuit from the Raelians. Undeterred, they went on to document Prophet Yahweh, a leader who claimed to summon UFOs. Their stated mission was to “debunk the false prophet, UFO phenomenon” and prevent people, especially children, from being “sucked in” by such groups. Hashem even declared, “We are like CIA agents for God; we’re on the front lines, and we have to do what’s necessary to expose these frauds.” However, around 2008, Hashem’s focus shifted towards conspiracy theories, producing films about reptilian shapeshifters and the New World Order. McGowen, at one point, seemingly had a falling out with Hashem, even warning of Hashem’s “God complex” in online posts. The trajectory took its most dramatic turn when Hashem left the U.S. for Egypt and became involved with Ahmed al-Hassan, a self-proclaimed messiah. McGowen eventually joined him. By 2015, Hashem had broken away to form his own group, the Black Banners of the East, eventually morphing into the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light. Now, the men who once sought to expose cults are accused of leading one themselves. Their past experience in understanding and documenting the inner workings of fringe religious movements may have inadvertently provided them with the very tools to build their own. The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light, despite its unorthodox beliefs that deviate significantly from traditional Islam, has gained a global following through sophisticated media outreach. However, their beliefs have also led to persecution in some Muslim countries. Adding another layer of concern is the group’s recent activity in the United States. They are registered as a religious organization in Nevada and have expressed interest in building a commune reminiscent of Rajneeshpuram, even discussing having their own police and weapons. The story of Abdullah Hashem and Joseph McGowen is a chilling cautionary tale. How did two young men dedicated to exposing what they saw as dangerous cults allegedly transform into the leaders of one themselves? As their movement continues to grow and their apocalyptic rhetoric intensifies, the world watches with growing unease at this doomsday cult seemingly taking over the world, one follower at a time.
The fight to protect children from irreversible medical procedures just gained a powerful new tool. Under President Trump, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has established a critical whistleblower tip line aimed squarely at stopping the chemical and surgical sex changes being performed on minors.
This action directly enforces the President’s executive order, “Protecting Children From Chemical and Surgical Mutilation.” Concerned citizens, healthcare workers, and others now have a dedicated, official channel to report the administration of puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, or sex change surgeries on children.
Standing Up for Whistleblowers and Religious Freedom
HHS isn’t just asking for reports; it’s promising protection for those brave enough to speak out. The department has clearly stated its commitment “to protecting whistleblowers to the full extent of the law.”
This promise is already being put into action. HHS recently launched a probe into a major children’s hospital, investigating allegations that it fired a nurse for exercising her federally protected conscience rights. The nurse reportedly requested a religious accommodation, refusing to administer puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones due to her deeply held beliefs about the sterilizing impact of these interventions on children.
Many believe the nurse involved is Vanessa Sivadge, formerly of Texas Children’s Hospital, who courageously testified before Congress this week about her experience.
Anthony Archeval, the Acting HHS OCR Director, affirmed the department’s resolve: “The Department will robustly enforce Federal laws protecting these courageous whistleblowers, including laws that protect health care professionals from being forced to violate their religious beliefs or moral convictions.”
Your Voice Matters: Report Concerns Now
This initiative provides a vital avenue for safeguarding children. If you have information about chemical or surgical interventions being performed on minors in violation of these protections, HHS encourages you to use the new system.
To learn more or to submit a confidential tip or complaint, visit the official HHS page:
This tip line represents a significant step in shielding vulnerable children from procedures the administration views as harmful and inappropriate for minors.
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