Hence·forth the chaos and confusion in the world of banking! The End game has started Cyprus, and Europe, it comes as no surprise that the previously scheduled Monday bank holiday (aka Green Monday) has been extended into Tuesday. So all we see in the News is how the Dow keeps going up and the American Economy is picking up steam. When the truth is that its all just a bunch of hot air. Anyone who understands the world banking history, knows that history is about to repeats itself it could be with in a few months to a few years a way till the big crash.
Cyprus Bank Holiday extended until Wednesday …to stop runs on the Cyprus Banks Sound a lot like the great depression with runs on banks Get ready for new runs on banks… …That’s what happened to hundreds of banks in the Great Depression. Much of the Great Depression‘s economic damage was caused directly by bank runs. I know one thing if I had any money in the bank I would have gotten it out in 2007 before the crash we saw the signs my family and friends on facebook can tell you that! Oh wait I have not had money in the bank for years. Its just one big vicious cycle that the Banksters keep playing generation after generation its a world wide scam and if Jesus Christ was around today he would pick up the whip and go after this den of thief’s the same way kicking them out of his temple our world.
When even JPM says to panic, it may be time to panic. And then we ask why is all of this happening right now, why is even JPMorgan advocating a risk-off posture, and then we recall that every single year in late March, early April Europe comes back front and center with a bang, just as we forecast in “It’s Deja Vu, All Over Again: This Time Is… Completely The Same” and then everything becomes very clear.
Published on Mar 18, 2013
On the Monday, March 18 edition of the Alex Jones Show, Alex breaks down the collusion between the EU and IMF in confiscating individuals’ private wealth to ultimately seize control of economies, paving the way for years of dependency on financial dictatorship. On today’s show, Alex invites economic trend forecaster and publisher of the Trends Journal Gerald Celente to discuss the looting of Cypriot bank accounts, and what the future holds for Italy, which may be the next nation to be similarly plundered. We’ll also cover other major headlines and take your calls.
The Cypriot cabinet has declared Tuesday a bank holiday, for fear of capital flight, and this may even be stretched to Wednesday, as depositors are certain to withdraw huge sums from the Cypriot banks after the haircut imposed.
Nicosia postponed from Sunday to Monday the tabling in Parliament of the bill including the measures for the Cypriot bailout – including a bank account haircut and a tax hike on interest and corporate earnings – but the European Central Bank insists on a rapid voting because there are already signs a domino effect will follow across European lenders and markets from Monday.
There is genuine fear of market unrest on Monday morning when stocks may crumble in the eurozone and bank accounts in other southern European bank may suffer.
Skai radio reported on Sunday that the Bank of Greece has sent between 4 and 5 billion euros to Cyprus in order to help Cypriot banks respond to cash requirements by their clients.
So, if the official name of the March 18 holiday was “Green Monday“, will the March 19th ad hoc holiday be called “Red Tuesday“? Inquiring minds want to know.
The price of gold remained approximately in Timeline of U.S. Gold2007, The yearly average price of gold was $695, with a high of $833per ounce. and in 2007 theDow opened the year at 12,459.54 Understand why it crashed by following the timeline of events in 2008 and now today the news is say how strong the Stock Market is doing then why if the Market is on such a bull run at Dow Jones Industrial Average 2 Minute Dow Jones Indices: .DJI – Mar 18 4:35pm ET Closed at 14452.06 today and the price of Gold is at 1594.00 This is my point if the stock market was on such a bull run why is Gold at still near record highs becase the smart people know that the Federal Reserve System is pumping up the markets by buying American Bonds and T bills Treasury Bills. Money market investments backed by the U.S. government. Learn more about treasury bills at HowStuffWorks.
Truth #1: At the beginning of 2008, there were 28.22 million people in the U.S. economy on food stamps. Fast-forward to 2012, and the number has increased to 46.60 million—an increase of more than 65%. (Source: United States Department of Agriculture, March 8, 2013.) The number of Americans now on food stamps represents almost 15% of the entire population in the U.S. economy right now.
Truth #2: The poverty rate in the U.S. economy also increased in the aftermath of the worst economic condition since the Great Depression. In 2007, the official U.S. poverty rate was 12.5%. By 2011, this rate increased to 15%. We have experienced a 20% flight in the number of Americans living in poverty. (Source: “Poverty and the Great Recession,” The Russell Sage Foundation and The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University website, October 2012, last accessed March 18, 2013.) As it stands today, about one in every seven Americans is technically poor.
Truth #3: Similarly, job prospects for Americans have declined since the beginning of the financial crisis. In January of 2008, there were 4.2 million job openings in the U.S. economy. As the U.S. Department of Labor reports, in January 2013, there were 3.6 million job openings. (Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site, last accessed March 15, 2013.) There are 12 million unemployed individuals in the U.S. economy, with a significant number being jobless for more than six months.
As the U.S. economy faces severe headwinds because of the financial crisis, cities across the U.S. are suffering as well. According to the 2012 census, one in every three counties in the U.S. economy is “dying off” due to weakening economic conditions and an aging population. (Source: Huffington Post, March 15, 2013.)
Truth #4: We have a long way to go before we see any real improvement in the U.S. economy. The only thing that has improved since the financial crisis is the stock market, courtesy of cheap interest rates and extensive paper money printing. Don’t get lured into believing that a rising stock market means economic growth. The stock market and the U.S. economy are moving in opposite directions. Many public companies listed on the key stock indices are already warning investors about troubles ahead, profitability issues.
Sure, the old adage is, “Don’t fight the Fed.” But the stock market utopia can only go on for so long before “regression to the mean” becomes a reality again.
Michael’s Personal Notes:
Looking at the long-term chart of gold bullion and the U.S. dollar, there is an interesting technical chart pattern developing that may help us predict the next move in the greenback and the yellow metal.
In the chart below, the red line represents the U.S. dollar index and the golden line represents gold bullion prices.
Both the U.S. dollar and gold bullion are going through the formation of the technical chart pattern called the “symmetrical triangle.” This pattern occurs during a trend and is often the result of a consolidation in prices. The majority of instances when the symmetrical triangle pattern emerges eventually result in a continuation of the prior trend.
If you observe closely, the trading ranges in the dollar and gold bullion have been getting smaller since the beginning of 2011. While keeping with their respective trends, they appear to be consolidating. The U.S. dollar has declined, compared to other major currencies. Meanwhile, gold bullion prices have been trending higher—from below $300.00 an ounce to close to $1,600 an ounce.
As I have been harping on about in these pages, the demand for gold bullion is robust, to say the very least. Central banks are rushing toward gold, seeking safety—they have turned into net buyers of the yellow shiny metal. In the last quarter of 2012, they bought the most gold in almost 50 years.
In contrast, by buying gold bullion, central banks may be losing trust in the U.S. dollar. According to a report by the World Gold Council (WGC), in 2000, central banks held 62% of their assets (or reserves) in U.S. dollars. By 2012, that percentage of U.S. dollar holdings decreased to 54% of the reserves. (Source: Market Watch, March 13, 2013.)
It isn’t a hidden fact anymore: the Federal Reserve has been increasing the money supply, as its balance sheet has grown to more than $3.0 trillion and its paper money printing program continues at a rate of $85.0 billion a month. The more paper money the Fed prints, the more vulnerable the greenback becomes.
Time will be the better judge of where the greenback and gold bullion end up, but from the looks of the chart above, the U.S. dollar appears bearish and gold bullion’s future seems bright.
(Want to know what gold stocks are the best buy right now? In our just-released special report, Lombardi’s Second Quarter 2013 Gold Forecast Report, you’ll find our analysis of the U.S. money supply and its implications for gold; current gold supply and demand; central bank activity in the gold market; our specific price projections for gold bullion; our top-five senior gold stock picks; and our top-five junior gold stock picks, all complete with charts. Click here for ordering info.)
What He Said:
“Prepare for the worst economic period ahead that we have seen in years, my dear reader, as that is what I see coming. I’ve written over the past three years how, in the late 1920s, real estate prices fell first before the stock market and how I felt the same would happen this time. Home prices in the U.S. peaked in 2005 and started falling in 2006. The stock market is following suit here in 2008. Is a depression coming? No. How about a severe deflationary recession? Yes!” Michael Lombardi in Profit Confidential, January 21, 2008. Michael started talking about and predicting the economic catastrophe we began experiencing in 2008, long before anyone else.
To: Roy Schoeman
Author of Salvation Is from the Jews
My dear Mr. Schoeman,
I am veraciously enjoying your book Salvation Is from the Jews. As happens so often with my Jewish brothers, I find myself so on the same wavelength with your edgy wordsmithing and even sometimes your risqué investigative style that I have to call the experience “spiritually immersive”! Not least owing to our common affinity for sound mysticism and according skepticism of so-called “Churchianity,” Augustino-Calvinist Puritanism and scholasto-Jesuitical sophism, just some of the anacondas strangling Western Christianity in too many quarters. Your Old-New Testament insight about the eldest sons and analogously Israel missing the blessing I find particularly insightful and cannot restrain myself from asking, Is it not at the very least postulable that this principle can apply today to the Roman “See of Peter”? (Some would argue that the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon thinks the answer is positively yes.)
On the flip-side, my relish of what you say understandably served to augment my distaste for crucial truths you omit and thereby falsehoods you imply. I am willing to overlook the almost total eclipse of post-biblical Middle Eastern history—your Ashkenazim, your Antiochian Orthodox Christians, your Khazaria, and then in the West your Sephardim and your Rothschilds with their fractional reserve banking cartel with its death-grip on the so-called Renaissance plus “modern times”! I am no Anti-Semite/racist, no Holocaust denier/revisionist and I am fully satisfied that the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is a forgery and that Council of Jamnia never necessarily went down as theorists describe it, and you basically do justice to the wrongness of Mesoretic and other such renderings as well, the contemporary prevalence of depraved esotericism among the astral/noetic rulers (“ascended masters”) of this present darkness and the patent inner workings of occult brotherhoods that masquerade as “charitable fraternities.” (Yet why you abstain from fingering “Catholic” occult equestrian orders and the Jesuits I can’t explain to my satisfaction.) Nay indeed, more than just not being a racist, I consider racial theory a sad and quintessentially unmanly cop-out in the case of Hitler (part-Jewish and one-time art aspirant in a [then as now] Jew-dominated arts community) and all his ilk! No truly spiritual or godly undertaking orders, countenances or even contemplates violence, malice or certainly any evil. But I am a “truther” first and last, all unanswered questions remain for me on the table, and there are questions that loom especially large for serious historical researchers that you leave conspicuously unmentioned.
I am here going to assume that you at any rate regard the “gentile” or ”goy” as at least nominally human, so I won’t even go into the fact that Communism killed between 85 and 100 million and counting to Nazism’s 11 million. Except to ask: At a conservative (but not neoconservative) estimate, how many Jews do you think Communism killed? (I am morally certain that Communism has killed more Jews—leave alone many times more humans!—than Nazism.) And even the suckling babe knows with the crispest clarity that Communism, which is more conspiracy than revolution, was a Jewish aristocrat’s brainchild (or rather Rothschild). We also certainly won’t mention Saul Alinsky, the modern Karl Marx, who holds as his ideological (noetic?) marionettes all our nation’s top leaders. Your otherwise wondrous exposé fails to edify inasmuch as it does not excavate the modern underpinnings of Communism and global banking.
No, we’d best leave that golden calf alone, but what I do want to address, for example, is your failure to name “Nazim,” Zionists and other nationalist types (be they sluggish in the head or thuggish in the heart) who have sharply influenced contemporary U.S. American culture and policy like Werner von Braun, Walt Disney, Ayn Rand and yea G. K. Chesterton.
Most disturbingly of all, while you do mention Hitler’s willingness to spare Jews for export, you fail to mention that, as even Wikipedia admits, “Palestine was the only location to which any Nazi relocation plan succeeded in producing significant results, by means of an agreement begun in 1933 between the Zionist Federation of Germany (die Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland) and the Nazi government, the Haavara Agreement” (ostensibly quoted from Dr. Anwar El-Shahawy’s bookAllah and Space). In other words, the élite in all quarters do not adhere to the same ideological lines of division they feed the masses. I contend that Nazism, in its inner circles, is not about race and is about the same thinking that set Madame Blavatsky apart, who (until exposed as a charlatan) was more accepted by spiritualists than bloodline-obsessed Masons. It would be hard to overstate her direct influence on Hitler. And in conclusion, it is nearly impossible to exaggerate the extent to which we have been lied to concerning the relationship among socialisms, and particularly between Nazism and Zionsim.
I think your use of the “yeast in the dough” imagery is the reverse of Jesus’ and hence is theologically the most questionable thing in the book thus far, and I stop just short of calling it impious and a total sell-out of the Faith. Jesus was patently not describing the Jewish Race or Religion as the “yeast in the dough” (or salt of the earth or light of the world) but rather his followers as the yeast in the dough that is each nation, Jewish or “Goyish.” The Church is the New Israel. That is the focal point of all Christians. The Jews are become a footnote, albeit a fascinating footnote, and a mysterious tool in prophetic literature in which nothing is clear much less nationalistically applicable. But let’s stop beating around the bush: the Judaizer heresy is just that, a filthy, base and demonic heresy. If emphasizing the Jewish Law is a slap in the face to Christ, how much more emphasizing the Jewish bloodlines!
I take exception, however, to any condemnation of the preservation of Jewish culture within Christian communities. I want to retain my (majority) Irish heritage and saints in how I worship because it makes me the more fully part of the whole Church. I’m told that some “Russian” Orthodox Christians, being of Jewish descent, were let back into Israel and, subsequently, there are Jerusalem parishes that celebrate the Divine Liturgy in Hebrew. I rejoice for them. And yes, they have a special perspective on Jesus being of His same household, and I rejoice with them. I love every chance I get chewing the fat with Jews, however secular, Orthodox or even Hasidic. I love hanging out with Catholics and Protestants. I even sometimes can stand Hindus and even (maybe) Buddhists. Wiccans? Druids? Why not. Mormons? JWs? Seventh Day Adventists? Sure, though obviously we’re bordering on the contrived and probably artificially preserved. Scientology obviously is downright dark, but their members are equally people. And I believe I am a missionary to everyone and everyone is a missionary to me.
Though I am the staunchest localist you’re ever likely to meet, I can never. Ever. Ever condone nationalism, because it is mass-insanity. I’ve heard a lot of people go on and on about a lot of things. I know an insecure, vacuous rant from a true scholarly thesis (however well calculated the former’s buzzwords to play on the contrived sympathies of my nation’s telehypnotized positivist sanctimonious funk). Every culture that’s old (read decadent) enough never shuts the heck up about some haplessly worldly claim (again, better suited to theater than academia) to being “the most special” or to having bestowed upon the undeserving unwashed and unappreciative “leftovers of genésis” their most vital (sometimes even implying spiritual) flair—and the ones who brag the most tend to offer the least substantive value—so by and large my Jewish (and, God Almighty help us all, “Christian”) Zionist-leaning brethren should get real and get in line because the sun doesn’t rise and set on their hex* deity, certainly no less evil than any swastika or moon, which like the “Nazim,” they flamboyantly procure to cast, and are indeed casting, upon the whole earth.
I say, A hex on our accursed ignorance.
A final question: What if anything did the honest, common “Goys” and Jews (Christian and otherwise) of the earth—especially of the United States—ever do to deserve the endless shower of pseudogodliness that is modern Hebrew Nationalism?
I get that you’re a bit shy—a neurosis you’ve perhaps mistaken for contemplation, toward which your personality, once informed by the truth, could yet lend itself—as well as unconvinced—your at times mumbled reading of your own writing betrays it—but try to hear this: even despite your occasionally poor dynamics a lot of people hang on your words. My father does. Even as I embrace you as a brother, I, with my whole being, request a clarification, at your leisure, of the loose ends I’ve listed above. I ask you to consider writing a sequel if not errata.
Most sincerely,
John
________
* Even Wikipedia admits the hexagram has not been in circulation among the Israelites for a day over 2,400 years if that. Not even Solomon in his wildest apostasy used it, much less Great King David. Another disgrace, another lie to the Babel-high pile. As for me, I want no part in Israel’s self-inflicted curses.
Jonathan Gillenson I’m pretty sure the Knights Templar were disolved (at least to the best of my knowledge). I don’t know of a group called the Papal Knights ever existing but I may have to dive deeper into Church history. To my knowledge there was a group called the Illuminati, but Dan Brown exaggerates their involvement and unless I’m mistaken they have completely dissolved themselves.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett Templars were dissolved eight centuries ago; “Papal Knights” could refer to a number of chivalric orders; Weishaupt’s Illuminati was largely destroyed by the Bavarian government in the late 1700s, although many conspiracy theories involve their continuation in various ways and in various places.
John McGuire Ten years before the Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola founded the ALUMBRADOS, i.e. Enlightened Ones or Illuminati in Spain. The group mysteriously disbanded before the Jesuits were founded.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett There are dozens of groups calling themselves Templars, but the actual Order of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, founded in in the early 12th century were officially dissolved by papal decree in 1312.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett It was papal decree which brought them into being, it was papalauthority underwhich the Order operated, and it was the pope who suppressed and dissolved. Whatever members of the Knights Templar survived and defied the ban by continuing to function, and whatever modern groups refer to themselves as Templars, the original Order no longer exists.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett As I said, there are dozens of groups (some even within the Church) which tap the Templar legacy, but the Order itself no longer exists.
Duc de Berwick No you are wrong John. The Templars were duty bound and could report only to the Pope, hence many feudal lords in the Levant used to get very angry with the knights for they could not question them or make them show cause when asked upon.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett I’m pointing out some basic historical facts in response to a rather odd topic post. I’m not spamming. Really John, I like a lot of what you post, but I’m not sure where you are trying to go with this.
Daniel J Leach This is a good conversation very informative! Where or not they are still who they were doesn’t matter it is only one NWO organization out of thousands that or in the same league of secret society’s that want to build a New World Order Government and none of the work they do is of any good to humanity.
Duc de Berwick Though the Knights of St. John is a murky issue, I am very confident that the templars do not exist anymore after they were suspended by the Pope in connivance with Philip IV of France.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett The Order as an organization did indeed cease to exist. Whatever organizations and institutions came out of it, or were based upon it, are a completely different matter and open to much speculation, but the Knights Templar, being under papal authority, were validly dissolved by that same authority.
John McGuire Sorry, but you need to realize my reading of history doesn’t rely on the Roman Patriarch as some kind of supreme dictator of all reality. And that’s why you sound like a clashing gong to my ears.
Jonathan Daniel Bennett No, like most Catholic religious orders, the Knights Templar were not founded directly by the pope, but under local episcopal and noble authority before- having grown in numbers and prominence- brought themselves direct papal authority.
I realize you are not Catholic, but to recognize some how the history of the Templars and the role and functions of religious orders like the Templars works within the Church is completely separate from submitting to Roman obedience yourself.
John McGuire So, Jonathan, if a future pope reinstates the Knights Templar, then suddenly they will never have ceased to exist? You’re loyal, I’ll give you that much.
You see I live in Rochester NY the place that the Bullying of a 68 year old, Greece NY School Bus Monitor took place and it seems like no big deal to people like its just another story in the News! This is asham I am ashamed of New York State and its state of affairs! Looks like Brave New Schools (Satan’s public school system) is working overtime! “Danno, like the saying goes”Don’t Judge Me Until You Have Walked In My Shoes”. There ya go, blog about how judgemental people are! You know my situation! Don’t even get me started on that one!” Jenny Conley If some one would teach these children not to be so judgmental then this kinda thing would not be happening! Just get them disciplined!
People have forgotten how to care they are afraid of the government or they think that someone is going to call the Cops if they step out of line and say that those rotten ass kids should get all their asses beaten by a big wooden spoon or the belt. DCFS Monsters! (CPS are as ruthless as Al Capone’s gang!) I got a whopped when I was a kid and so did lots of other kids! I’m not talking about child abuse I’m talking about a good old fashion wood shed moment! ”Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol.”Proverbs 23:13-14 It look like these kid were left alone by the government parents ”The rod and reproof give wisdom, but a child left to himself brings shame to his mother.” Proverbs 29:15 ”Whoever spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is diligent to discipline him.” Proverbs 13:24
We need to go back to our roots back to the good old days! Back to when if you screwed up you would have the fear of God in your heart knowing you were going to feel the pain on your ASS as dad or mom laid a hand on you bare ASS!
“If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and, though they discipline him, will not listen to them, then his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to the elders of his city at the gate of the place where he lives, and they shall say to the elders of his city, ‘This our son is stubborn and rebellious; he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton and a drunkard.’ Then all the men of the city shall stone him to death with stones. So you shall purge the evil from your midst, and all Israel shall hear, and fear. Deuteronomy 21:18-21
I’m not saying that we as a society should kill the rebelling child but that we as a community are responsible for the actions of each other. Yes I believe we are are Brothers Keeper! If we are to be the keepers of our brother then it is our duty to see that these children are disciplined! “For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”Romans 13:4
Hebrews 12:6-7 For the Lord disciplines the one he loves, and chastises every son whom he receives.” It is for discipline that you have to endure. God is treating you as sons. For what son is there whom his father does not discipline?
William Benton, Assistant U.S. Secretary of State at UNESCO 1946:
(UNESCO is the United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization)
“As long as a child breathes the poisoned air of nationalism, education in world-mindedness can produce only precarious results. As we have pointed out, it is frequently the family that infects the child with extreme nationalism.
The schools therefore use the means described earlier to combat family attitudes that favor jingoism (nationalism)…we shall presently recognize in nationalism the major obstacle to development of world mindedness.
We are at the beginning of a long process of breaking down the walls of national sovereignty. UNESCO must be the pioneer.” (Emphasis mine throughout)
“The thing that made America refined and cultured and decent and honorable was the Gospel of Jesus Christ. And if we leave that, it doesn’t matter how many degrees we have, how many colleges, how many universities. Listen! If you leave the salt out, you can’t have salt, you can’t savor. So we have left out that which has savored, and now we find ourselves a heathen nation.
Look! We are just as lawless today as they were in Wyatt Earp’s day. Isn’t that true? Listen, twenty years ago when we heard of what was going on in South America and Europe, with the demonstrations and riots and folk being shot in the streets and a person’s life endangered when he got outside his own house, we thought of pagan, heathen countries doing that. And we were right. Nations are pagan and heathen when they do that. Now the honest truth is, we face tonight a moral breakdown and deterioration, and we face paganism and anarchy. Why? Because we have followed the time-tested pattern of deterioration. Enough of that.” by Pastor Jack Hyles (1926-2001)
Bullying affects ALL age groups and genders.
Please SHARE this video to show the world the true horror of being bullied.
School link: http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/athena-middle.cfm
School contact page: http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/contact.cfm?school=7Watch as an old lady (school bus monitor) is verbally bullied by school kids resulting in her crying in despair. The bullying includes physical threats, threats to ransack her place of residence, and cruel comments about her weight and dead mother.Karen Huff Klein is a bus monitor at the Greece Central School District in Rochester, NY. There is no excuse for the horrendous bullying Klein endures in this video by a group of teens, which drives her to tears.
Among the taunts: “Dumb-ass, fat-ass.” “Maybe she is an elephant.” “She’s gonna pick out which kid she’s gonna rape next.” “Karen wants herpes.” “F**king hearing aid.” “I’ll egg your house.” “What’s your address so I can p*ss all over your door.” “I’ll f**king take a cr*p in your mouth.” “You touched her arm flap. It’s all stinky and smelly.” “She probably eats deodorant because she can’t afford real food.” “What size bra are you? Triple sag?”
What is a bus monitor?
A school bus monitor monitors the conduct of students on school buses to maintain discipline and safety and participates in school bus safety drills. They also ride school buses to prevent altercations between students and damage to the bus.
District Statement Regarding YouTube Video
This morning we were made aware of a troubling video that was posted to YouTube depicting students ridiculing a bus monitor. We were able to confirm that the woman in the video is a Greece Central School District employee. We immediately activated our district bullying and violence prevention response team to investigate and contacted the Greece Police Department to conduct their own investigation.
We have discovered other similar videos on YouTube and are working to identify all of the students involved. Links to the YouTube posts were also forwarded to members of the media, some of whom have reported inaccurate and concerning information including names and addresses of students alleged to be involved in the incidents. The bus involved in this incident was carrying middle school students — all of whom are juveniles. Although their behavior was inexcusable, we also have concern for the safety of all involved. We urge patience to allow us to investigate and determine the appropriate discipline.
Currently, our district security staff and Greece Police are interviewing all of those involved. The Greece Police Department has assigned an investigator to partner with us. The Greece Central School District is committed to providing students and staff with a safe environment that respects the dignity of all. We do not tolerate harassment of staff or students.
While we cannot comment on specific student discipline, we can say that students found to be involved will face strong disciplinary action. We will continue our ongoing bullying prevention and awareness training to ensure that incidents like this do not occur in the future. Specifically, the Greece Central School District has recently adopted the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, a systemic approach involving all community stakeholders to reduce bullying and other anti-social behaviors.
The Greece Central School District has a clear Code of Conduct and all staff and students have been fully trained. This behavior is a clear violation and will not be tolerated. The district will also ensure that reporting procedures are reviewed and response procedures are systemically in place.
The sad, sad, sad, and horrible occurrence of the bullying of a 68 year old, Greece School Bus Monitor, whose video recording of the incident, went viral, national and global yesterday, and which unfortunately happened right here in a suburb of Rochester.
It was just reported on a local station that one, just one mind you, of the parents of a child that was involved in this incident, went to apologize in person to the woman…
Now, I really need to say something here…Are you kidding me???
WHY IS THE PARENT APOLOGIZING AND NOT THE CHILD…
Well, in my humble and outraged opinion I want to state that…THIS IN ITSELF IS THE ROOT CAUSE AND THE PROBLEM!!!!
MAKE YOUR CHILDREN RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR OWN ACTIONS, PEOPLE…STOP ENABLING THEM!!!!
As my own children will attest…this was NOT the way we dealt with inappropriate behavior and actions in our house…and believe you me, the punishment that MY CHILDREN would have received would have made any legal charges or school actions seem like a walk in the park in comparison!
And as far as apologies?…YOU BEST BELIEVE IT WOULD HAVE BEEN COMING OUT OF THEIR MOUTHS!!!…Not only directly to the victim of this horrific act, but PUBLICLY…TO THE SCHOOL AND THE COMMUNITY!!!
The woman, graciously has declined to press charges, her attitude, a truly enlightened one…basically that enough damage has been done and that two wrongs don’t make a right…God Bless her Beautiful Soul…
However…as for these kids, at the very least they need to own up to what they did, and take appropriate action to rectify their behavior….THEIR BEHAVIOR…THEIR OWNERSHIP…THEIR ACCOUNTABILITY!!!!
Truly, unbelievable!!!! And now, the school and the press are reporting, that these “poor kids”, are receiving threatening texts and emails from an outraged public…I’m sorry, this is part and parcel of what can come of treating someone else with such blatant disrespect…While I do not believe that this method is the answer…I am certainly not going to feel sorry for these kids!!!
IT’S CALLED THE RECKONING!!!!
IT’S CALLED GETTING INVOLVED AND STANDING UP FOR WHAT IS RIGHT!!!
IT’S ABOUT PEOPLE AS A COMMUNITY SPEAKING OUT AGAINST INJUSTICE AND UNACCEPTABLE AND DISRESPECTFUL BEHAVIOR…
IF NOT NOW…WHEN ?
IF NOT US…WHO ?
To quote an enlightened Prime Time Show…
WHAT WOULD YOU DO?????
Peaceful nuclear explosions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes, such as activities related to economic development including the creation of canals. During the 1960s and 1970s, both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted a number of PNEs.
Six of the explosions by the Soviet Union are considered to have been of an applied nature, not just tests.
Subsequently the United States and the Soviet Union halted their programs. Definitions and limits are covered in the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions, regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not.
Contents [hide]
1 The Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
2 United States: Operation Plowshare
3 Soviet Union: Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
4 Other nations
5 Spaceflight Applications
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit]The Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
In the PNE Treaty the signatories agreed: not to carry out any individual nuclear explosions having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons; not to carry out any group explosion (consisting of a number of individual explosions) having an aggregate yield exceeding 1,500 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The parties also reaffirmed their obligations to comply fully with the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
The parties reserve the right to carry out nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes in the territory of another country if requested to do so, but only in full compliance with the yield limitations and other provisions of the PNE Treaty and in accord with the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Articles IV and V of the PNE Treaty set forth the agreed verification arrangements. In addition to the use of national technical means, the Treaty states that information and access to sites of explosions will be provided by each side, and includes a commitment not to interfere with verification means and procedures.
The protocol to the PNE Treaty sets forth the specific agreed arrangements for ensuring that no weapon-related benefits precluded by the Threshold Test Ban Treaty are derived by carrying out a nuclear explosion used for peaceful purposes, including provisions for use of the hydrodynamic yield measurement method, seismic monitoring and on-site inspection.
The agreed statement that accompanies the Treaty specifies that a “peaceful application” of an underground nuclear explosion would not include the developmental testing of any nuclear explosive.
[edit]United States: Operation Plowshare
One of the Chariot schemes involved chaining five thermonuclear devices to create the artificial harbor.
Operation Plowshare was the name of the U.S. program for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes. The name was coined in 1961, taken from Micah 4:3 (“And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more”). Twenty-eight nuclear blasts were detonated between 1961 and 1973.
One of the first U.S. proposals for peaceful nuclear explosions that came close to being carried out was Project Chariot, which would have used several hydrogen bombs to create an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson, Alaska. It was never carried out due to concerns for the native populations and the fact that there was little potential use for the harbor to justify its risk and expense. There was also talk of using nuclear explosions to excavate a second Panama Canal.[1]
The largest excavation experiment took place in 1962 at the Department of Energy’s Nevada Test Site. The Sedan nuclear test carried out as part of Operation Storax displaced 12 million tons of earth, creating the largest man-made crater in the world, generating a large nuclear fallout over Nevada and Utah. Three tests were conducted in order to stimulate natural gas production, but the effort was abandoned as impractical because of cost and radioactive contamination of the gas.[2][3]
There were many negative impacts from Project Plowshare’s 27 nuclear explosions. For example, the Gasbuggy site,[3] located 55 miles east of Farmington, New Mexico, still contains nuclear contamination from a single subsurface blast in 1967.[4] Other consequences included blighted land, relocated communities, tritium-contaminated water, radioactivity, and fallout from debris being hurled high into the atmosphere. These were ignored and downplayed until the program was terminated in 1977, due in large part to public opposition, after $770 million had been spent on the project.[5]
[edit]Soviet Union: Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
The Soviet Union conducted a much more vigorous program of 239 nuclear tests, some with multiple devices, between 1965 and 1988 under the auspices of Program No. 6 and Program No. 7-Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy. Its aims and results were similar to those of the American effort, with the exception that many of the blasts were considered applications, not tests.[6] The best known of these in the West was the Chagan test in January 1965 as radioactivity from the Chagan test was detected over Japan by both the U.S. and Japan. The United States complained to the Soviets, but the matter was dropped.
In the 1970, the Soviet Union started the “Deep Seismic Sounding” Program, that included the use of peaceful nuclear explosions to create seismic deep profiles. Compared to the usage of conventional explosives or mechanical methods, nuclear explosions allow the collection of longer seismic profiles (up to several thousand kilometers).[7]
There are proponents for continuing the PNE programs in modern Russia. They (e.g. A. Koldobsky) state that the program already paid for itself and saved the USSR billions of rubles and can save even more if continued. They also allege that the PNE is the only feasible way to put out large fountains and fires on natural gas deposits and the safest and most economically viable way to destroy chemical weapons.
Their opponents (include the academician A.V. Yablokov) [8] state that all PNE technologies have non-nuclear alternatives and that many PNEs actually caused nuclear disasters.
Reports on the successful Soviet use of nuclear explosions in extinguishing out-of-control gas well fires were widely cited in United States policy discussions of options for stopping the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[9][10]
[edit]Other nations
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.
Germany at one time considered manufacturing nuclear explosives for civil engineering purposes. In the early 1970s a feasibility study was conducted for a project to build a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Qattara Depression in the Western Desert of Egypt using nuclear demolition. This project proposed to use 213 devices, with yields of 1 to 1.5 megatons detonated at depths of 100 to 500 m, to build this canal for the purpose of producing hydroelectric power.
The Smiling Buddha, India’s first explosive nuclear device was described by the Indian Government as a peaceful nuclear explosion.
In Australia proposed blasting was put forward as a way of mining Iron Ore in the Pilbara [11]
[edit]Spaceflight Applications
Nuclear explosions have been studied as a possible method of spacecraft propulsion. The most well known example was Project Orion, which studied the possibility of a spacecraft propelled by the detonation of nuclear devices which it released behind itself.
Another application would be for deflecting or destroying celestial objects like comets, meteors, or asteroids on a collision course with Earth that have the potential for causing destruction.
[edit]See also
Project Gnome
[edit]References
^ “US Congressional Record pg. 25747, 1968-09-05”. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
^ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management: Rulison, Colorado, Site. Fact Sheet [1].
^ a b Peter Metzger (February 22, 1970). Project Gasbuggy And Catch-85*: *That’s krypton-85, one of the radioactive by-products of nuclear explosions that release natural gas Project Gasbuggy and Catch-85 “It’s 95 per cent safe? We worry about the other 5”. New York Times. p. SM14.
^ “DOE Environmental Management (EM) – Gas Buggy Site”. Em.doe.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
^ Benjamin K. Sovacool (2011). Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy, World Scientific, pp. 171-172.
^ Nordyke, M. D. (2000-09-01). The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 34–35. DOI:10.2172/793554. Report no.: UCRL-ID-124410 Rev 2. U. S. Department of Energy contract no.: W-7405-Eng48.
^ University of Wyoming: http://w3.uwyo.edu/~seismic/dss/
^ “А. В. ЯБЛОКОВ, “ЯДЕРНАЯ МИФОЛОГИЯ КОНЦА XX ВЕКА””. Biometrica.tomsk.ru. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ Broad, William J. (2010-06-02). “Nuclear Option on Gulf Oil Spill? No Way, U.S. Says”. New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
^ Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia; Judah, Ben; Selyukh, Alina (2010-07-02). “Special Report: Should BP nuke its leaking well?”. Reuters. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
^ Nuclear blasting proposed for Pilbara Iron Ore Project in Industrial Reviews and Mining Year Book, 1970 pp.255-259
[edit]External links
Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
Video of the 104Kt Sedan PNE as part of Operation Plowshare.
Video of the Soviet Chagan PNE
Video of the Soviet Taiga PNE
On the Soviet nuclear program
On the Soviet program for peaceful uses of nuclear weapons, American Office of Scientific and Technical Information
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992 (DOE/NV-209 [Rev.14]).
ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENTS,Federation of American Scientists
World Reaction to the Indian Nuclear Tests, Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Nuclear Files.org Treaty between the USA and USSR on underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes
Peter Kuran’s “Atomic Journeys” – documentary film includes tests of Peaceful nuclear Explosions.
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So you may be thinking what does the Movie Prometheus have to do with the New World Order? we will reveal the agenda behind Prometheus, the new film by legendary director Ridley Scott (Alien, Blade Runner, Gladiator) hitting theaters June 8.
This film is a Parallel Story of the deep dark secrets of the Illuminati’s ancient occultism religious faith and theological views or ideals! These idea’s have been developed by the ruling elite family’s who believe that they have been chosen by a off world super race with higher intelligence, to rule the world. They believe that this off world intelligence has directed them to control mans DNA and future. The elite believe they are the Earths gods and are destined for the stars. They think its a divine right bestowed on them by a higher intelligence that gives them credence to their meddling with the affairs of common man. The Illuminati want to merge man with Machine so that they can live forever and be like gods! The Bad news is that if you do not belong to the family you will not be invited to live forever but will be exterminated like bugs by those who will be chosen to get the life extenuation technologies!
You see the Illuminati choose to follow a plan to control world population by mass sterilization using soft kill weapons to depopulate the world with poisons through GMO Food, Vaccination, and other technological advances. The Idea of creating the master race did not die with Adolf Hitler its still alive and well! Its now called transhumanist The Global Future 2045 International Congress, led by iconic futurist Ray Kurzweil and held in Moscow a few months back, lays out a stark vision of the future for neo-humanity where AI, cybernetics, nanotech and other emerging technologies replace mankind– an openly transhumanist vision now being steered by the elite, but which emerged out of the Darwinian-circles directed by the likes of T.H. Huxley and his grandchildren Julian, who coined the term Transhumanism, and Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World. Resistance to this rapid shift in society, the 2045 conference argues, is nothing short of a return to the middle ages.
Prometheus was a Nephilim from a different time period.
The Prometheus Film is basically shinning a light on the (presumably fallen angels) Nummo or Nephilim. These giants were noted for their strength and warlike abilities. The Greeks called them TITANS while the Bible called them Nephilim. Prometheus. According to the Sumerians the Nephalim were like Gods to them, large humanid beings. Seems similar to the Space Jockey concepts. Also according to prophecies, the Annunaki along with the Nephilim will return in 2012 to Earth, to their children they created.
The NEPHILIM offspring four different races;
THE ANNAKIM (they would weigh chains until earth’s core could not support them.)
THE REPHAIM (Your heart will melt in their presence)
THE ZAMZOUMIM (Achievers, Their necks would obscure the sun.)
THE EMMIM (Terrifying ones)
THE GIBBORIM (The strong ones, the giants, the ancient heroes)
The NEPHILIM introduced zoophilia on earth; and broke down the natural order of things. “The viper would mingle with the lion, and the vulture with the dog, and man with nephilim, nephilim with animals etc…..They also drank each other blood .
Some accounts have been written about the NEPHILIM, for instance a midrash of genesis Rabbah says that on a wedding night ,a nephilim would appear in front of the newly wed, possess the man than kill him ,than he would possess(sexually) the bride, kill her too, drink their blood and vanish.
Other sources states that they would feed on live camels and horses.
A Talmudic scholar asks: “How can a angel, which is pure white fire penetrate a woman without burning her from the inside? His master answered: They took human shape that’s how they were able to copulate. In fact it was those bodies who entrapped them so that they couldn’t resist earthly desires.
The Nummo. The Dogon talked about alien beings known as Nummo who came to Earth from another star system. These fish and serpent like beings were hermaphrodites who spent more time in water than on land. Shannon presents examples of how these amphibious aliens appeared all over the ancient world and makes connection with mitochondrial Eve, Mary Magdalene, Masonic symbolism and more. She reveals how the Dogon religion is the core religion from which other religions including Judaism and Christianity have evolved. We’ll discuss the Nummo’s voyage to Earth, their knowledge of genetic engineering, Dogon mythologyand their intention with humanity.
Nommo is a better spelling, “Nummo” comes from D.Icke, as he attempts to steal the story and retell it to provide his own brand of “evidence”…
And the original story is spectacular, however, There is at least one article out there with good looking references… (if they are or not..)
Seems the original French anthropological expedition may have faked the “findings” (why???… for the money, naturally) and some 50 years later, another French expedition tried to check the story (things move slowly in the world of cultural archeology)
Unfortunately apparently these people’s findings only come to light some 30 years after publishing, and so MANY books and essential theories are proposed using original Dogon and Sumerian mythologies as a basis. (all those links about Sirius are no longer Serious)
Leave it to the French to place a blemish on the entire field of anthropology/archeology/and well…. trying to accurately dig up the past, in general.
Thanks to DrPostman for bringing this to my attention several months ago.
There is still something from the Bible that has to do with this idea of Prometheus
Genesis 6:4 states “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days –and also afterwards– when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.” The Nephilim were a race of giants that were produced by the sexual union of the sons of God (presumably fallen angels) and the daughters of men. Translated from the Hebrew texts, “Nephilim” means “fallen ones.” They were renowned for their strength, prowess, and a great capacity for sinfulness.
The origination of the Nephilim begins with a story of the fallen angels. Shemhazai, an angel of high rank, led a sect of angels in a descent to earth to instruct humans in righteousness. The tutelage went on for a few centuries, but soon the angels pined for the human females. After lusting, the fallen angels instructed the women in magic and conjuring, mated with them, and produced hybrid offspring: the Nephilim.
The Nephilim were gigantic in stature. Their strength was prodigious and their appetites immense. Upon devouring all of humankind’s resources, they began to consume humans themselves. The Nephilim attacked and oppressed humans and were the cause of massive destruction on the earth.
Two texts of central import to the story of the Nephilim, the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls, mention several names for the Nephilim. The diverse kinds of these giants are cited in several passages. They are variously referred to as Emim, or “Terrors” (Gen. 14:5; Deut. 2:10), Rephaim, or “Weakeners” or “Dead Ones” (2 Sam. 23:13; 1 Chron. 11:15), Gibborim, or “Giant Heroes” (Job 16:4), Zamzummim, or “Achievers” (Deut. 2:10), Anakim, or “Long-necked” (Deut. 2:10; Josh. 11:22, 14:15), and Awwim or “Devastators” and “Serpents.” Other giants are mentioned in these texts as well, such as Goliath (2 Sam. 21:19), a giant with twelve fingers and twelve toes who is mentioned as one of the Rephaim (2 Sam. 21:20), and a tall Egyptian (1 Chron. 11:23). The passage of Numbers 13:26-33 recounts the Nephilim of Canaan that Joshua and the other Hebrew spies saw. Furthermore, according to Judaic lore, a certain one of the Nephilim, Arba, built a city, Kiriath Arba, which was named for its builder and is now known as Hebron.
The wickedness of the Nephilim carried with it a heavy toll. Genesis 6:5 alludes to the corruption that the Nephilim had caused amongst humans and themselves: “The Lord saw how great man’s wickedness on the earth had become…” Their evil rebellion had incurred both the wrath and grief of God. God instructed the angel Gabriel to ignite a civil war among the Nephilim. He also chose Enoch, a righteous man, to inform the fallen angels of the judgment pronounced on them and their children. God did not allow the fallen angels any peace, for they could not lift their eyes to heaven and were later to be chained. The end of the Nephilim came about in the war incited by Gabriel, in which the giants eventually annihilated each other.
“Nephilim” is rendered fallen, or possibly feller: a tyrant or bully. Several English translations, such as the King James Version rendered the word “giants”. In the Greek Septuagint the word “nephilim” was also translated as “gigantes” (gigantic). This translation is undoubtedly used because the Nephilim later became known as giants to the ancient Hebrews, as illustrated by the manner in which they were referenced when the Israelite spies were sent intoCanaan (Numbers 13:33 ).[1]
It is unclear what the Sons of God were, but they are distinguished from the daughters of men. The most obvious interpretation is that the Nephilim were a hybrid race between two distinct beings. There are at least three schools of thought regarding the Sons of God.
The older view, held nearly unanimously by ancient writers prior to Augustine of Hippo, is that the Nephilim were a hybrid race between certain fallen angels, called the Benei Ha’Elohim (“Sons of God”) or The Watchers in extra-Biblical traditions, and human women. While there has always been a minority of churchmen who followed this view, it has been promoted recently by popular writers such as Stephen Quayle [2].
The only obvious and natural meaning without such clarification is that these beings were sons of God, rather than of men, because they had been created, not born. Such a description, of course, would apply only to Adam (Luke 3:38) and to the angels, whom God had directly created (Psalm 148:2, 5; Psalm 104:4; Colossians 1:16). The actual phrase bene elohim is used three other times, all in the very ancient book of Job (1:6; 2:1; 38:7). There is no doubt at all that, in these passages, the meaning applies exclusively to the angels. A very similar form (bar elohim) is used in Daniel 3:25, and also refers either to an angel or to a theophany. The term “sons of the mighty” (bene elim) is used in Psalm 29:1 and also Psalm 89:6, and again refers to angels. Thus, there seems no reasonable doubt that, in so far as the language itself is concerned, the intent of the writer was to convey the thought of angels – fallen angels, no doubt, since they were acting in opposition to God’s will.[3]
”
The more recent view which has been the majority position in the church since St. Augustine in the fourth century is that the Sons of God refers to the god-fearing line of Seth; and the daughters of men refers to the daughters of the unbelieving line of Cain. Variations on this theme include the idea, proposed by Meredith Kline, that the Sons of God were kings or priests who took any woman they chose to be their wife.
Still others hold that the Sons of God were other created men. It is argued that the Bible does not describe every person that was created, but only key individuals or situations are included within the text. Those holding to this position call into question the origin of Cain’s wife or those whom he feared would kill him Genesis 4:14-17 . However, this view falls into conflict with Genesis, which states that Eve is the mother of all the living.
After the Flood
In Genesis 6 , where the global flood is described, it states that the Nephilim were also on the Earth afterward. Many therefore, assume that many of the descriptions of giants in the Bible are references to Nephilim bloodlines. However, the only specific mention of Nephilim on the earth after the flood is part of the bad report from the spies in Numbers 13:33 , a report that is called “bad” (or “evil”) as in an unreliable source.
There were giants “also after that,” in the days of the Canaanites, and these were likewise known as, among other things, the Nephilim (Numbers 13:33). Humanly speaking, they were descended from Anak, and so were also known as the Anakim. These people were, of course, known to Moses and it was probably he who editorially inserted the phrase “and also after that” into Noah’s original record here in Genesis 6:4. Moses probably also inserted the information that these were the “mighty men of old, men of renown,” men whose exploits of strength and violence had made them famous in song and fable in all nations in the ages following the Flood. To rebellious men of later times, they were revered as great heroes; but in God’s sight they were merely ungodly men of violence and evil.[4]
”
Several tribes are encountered in the campaign of the Five Kings in Abraham’s day that some argue might be Nephilim or hybrids of Nephilim. They are described as having become several tribes occupying the lands around the Valley of Siddim (Dead Sea) and evidently intermixed with the Canaanites.
Genesis 14 and Deuteronomy 2 name these tribes as the Rephaim (“titans”, children of “Rapha”), Zuzim or Zamzummim (“terrible ones”), Emim, Horites, and Anakim (“crushing tyrants”). The tribe of the Anakim are directly connected with the Nephilim in the false report of the spies described in (Numbers 13:33 ). The context of the passages suggest that the other tribes of giants were relatives of the Anakim or other lines of Nephilim, particularly the Rephaim whose giant descendant is described as living in Gath along with the Anakim Goliath and Lahmi (see below). The Rephaim are giants (in fact these peoples are generally described as being tall or large) and seem to have been thus matched with the Nephilim based on the English rendering of “giants” in Genesis 6.
The tribe of the Anakim were descended from a giant named Anak, who was a son or grandson of a giant named “Arba”, from which the ancient city of Hebron was originally called “Kiriath Arba” or “The City of Arba” because “Arba was the greatest man among the Anakim”[5]. This tribe was so tall, that the weak-kneed spies reported, “we are like grasshoppers to them.”
Scripture describes how the tribes of giants were fought and destroyed by the tribes of normal men who replaced them, including the Israelites. Moses killed Og, king of the Rehpaim who lived on the Golan heights near Mt. Hermon. Og had a bed nine cubits long (13.5 to 15.5 feet, depending on which cubit was used) and was called “last of the remnant of the giants”[6]. Og may be the source of the word “ogre” in the English language.
Joshua drove the three remaining sons of Anak out of Hebron in his first campaignm. They evidently reoccupied the city of Hebron while Joshua was waging his campaign against Canaanite cities in the North. Caleb later retook Hebron and killed the three giants[7].
Later David and Saul fought a remnant of smaller giants who had taken refuge in the Philistine city of Gath. They included Goliath, who was about nine feet tall, and his brother Lahmi “whose spear had a shaft like a weaver’s rod”. The last of the Gittite giants was slain, “In still another battle, which took place at Gath, there was a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot—twenty-four in all. He also was descended from Rapha”[8].
The last Scriptural reference to the giants may be Isaiah 45:14 , which prophecies that Sabean “men of stature” will become slaves in chains of the redeemed Israelites.
The characteristics of these tribes described in Scripture:
Their height was two or three times the height of normal men.
They were associated with some kind of unholy intermixing before the Flood.
They were closely associated with the wicked Canaanites after the Flood.
In one case they are described as having polydactyly (extra fingers and toes).
Unlike the Canaanites, there are no examples of Nephilim who became followers of God.
Apocryphal references
The Nephilim are described in great detail in the Book of Jubilees and Book of Enoch. Both of these books have been traditionally rejected as apocryphal by the European Church. However, they were both considered canonical by the Ethiopic Church from the time of Christ until today, and the Book of Enoch was quoted in the Biblical Epistle of Jude.
Jubilees has the following to say about the sons of God and the Nephilim:
“And in the second week of the tenth jubilee [449-55 A.M.] Mahalalel took unto him to wife Dinah, the daughter of Barakiel the daughter of his father’s brother, and she bare him a son in the third week in the sixth year, [461 A.M.] and he called his name Jared, for in his days the angels of the Lord descended on the earth, those who are named the Watchers, that they should instruct the children of men, and that they should do judgment and uprightness on the earth.” – Jubilees 4:15
“And it came to pass when the children of men began to multiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unto them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year of this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; and they took themselves wives of all whom they chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants. And lawlessness increased on the earth and all flesh corrupted its way, alike men and cattle and beasts and birds and everything that walks on the earth -all of them corrupted their ways and their orders, and they began to devour each other, and lawlessness increased on the earth and every imagination of the thoughts of all men (was) thus evil continually. And God looked upon the earth, and behold it was corrupt, and all flesh had corrupted its orders, and all that were upon the earth had wrought all manner of evil before His eyes. And He said that He would destroy man and all flesh upon the face of the earth which He had created. But Noah found grace before the eyes of the Lord. And against the angels whom He had sent upon the earth, He was exceedingly wroth, and He gave commandment to root them out of all their dominion, and He bade us to bind them in the depths of the earth, and behold they are bound in the midst of them, and are (kept) separate. And against their sons went forth a command from before His face that they should be smitten with the sword, and be removed from under heaven. And He said ‘My spirit shall not always abide on man; for they also are flesh and their days shall be one hundred and twenty years’. And He sent His sword into their midst that each should slay his neighbour, and they began to slay each other till they all fell by the sword and were destroyed from the earth.” – Jubilees 5:1-8
The Book of Enoch has the following to say about them:
“It happened after the sons of men had multiplied in those days, that daughters were born to them, elegant and beautiful. And when the angels, the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children. Then their leader Samyaza said to them; I fear that you may perhaps be indisposed to the performance of this enterprise; And that I alone shall suffer for so grievous a crime.
But they answered him and said; We all swear;
And bind ourselves by mutual execrations, that we will not change our intention, but execute our projected undertaking. Then they swore all together, and all bound themselves by mutual execrations. Their whole number was two hundred, who descended upon Ardis, which is the top of mount Armon.
That mountain therefore was called Armon, because they had sworn upon it, and bound themselves by mutual execrations. [Mt. Armon, or Mt. Hermon, derives its name from the Hebrew word herem, a curse.]
These are the names of their chiefs: Samyaza, who was their leader, Urakabarameel, Akibeel, Tamiel, Ramuel, Danel, Azkeel, Saraknyal, Asael, Armers, Batraal, Anane, Zavebe, Samsaveel, Ertael, Turel, Yomyael, Arazyal. These were the prefects of the two hundred angels, and the remainder were all with them.
Then they took wives, each choosing for himself; whom they began to approach, and with whom they cohabited; teaching them sorcery, incantations, and the dividing of roots and trees.
And the women conceiving brought forth giants,
Whose stature was each three hundred cubits. These devoured all which the labor of men produced; until it became impossible to feed them; When they turned themselves against men, in order to devour them; And began to injure birds, beasts, reptiles, and fishes, to eat their flesh one after another, and to drink their blood. Their flesh one after another. [Or, “one another’s flesh.” R.H. Charles notes that this phrase may refer to the destruction of one class of giants by another.]
Then the earth reproved the unrighteous.
Moreover Azazyel taught men to make swords, knives, shields, breastplates, the fabrication of mirrors, and the workmanship of bracelets and ornaments, the use of paint, the beautifying of the eyebrows, the use of stones of every valuable and select kind, and all sorts of dyes, so that the world became altered.
Impiety increased; fornication multiplied; and they transgressed and corrupted all their ways.
Amazarak taught all the sorcerers, and dividers of roots: Armers taught the solution of sorcery; Barkayal taught the observers of the stars, Akibeel taught signs; Tamiel taught astronomy; And Asaradel taught the motion of the moon,
And men, being destroyed, cried out; and their voice reached to heaven.” – Enoch 6-7.
Prometheus is a 2012 American science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof. The film stars Noomi Rapace, Michael Fassbender, Guy Pearce, Idris Elba, Logan Marshall-Green, and Charlize Theron. Set in the late 21st century, the story centers on the crew of the spaceship Prometheus as they follow a star map discovered among the remnants of several ancient Earth cultures. Led to a distant world and an advanced civilization, the crew seeks the origins of humanity, but instead discovers a threat that could cause the extinction of the human race.
The film began development in the early 2000s as a fifth entry in the Alien franchise, with both Scott and director James Camerondeveloping ideas for a film that would serve as a prequel to Scott’s 1979 science fiction horror film Alien. By 2003, the project was sidelined by the development of Alien vs. Predator, and remained dormant until 2009 when Scott again showed interest. A script by Spaihts acted as a prequel to the events of the Alien films, but Scott opted for a different direction to avoid repeating cues from those films. In late 2010, he brought Lindelof onto the project to rewrite Spaihts’ script, and together they developed a separate story that precedes the story of Alien but is not directly connected to that franchise. According to Scott, though the film shares “strands ofAlien’s DNA, so to speak”, and takes place in the same universe, Prometheus explores its own mythology and ideas.
The film entered production in April 2010, with extensive design phases developing the technology and creatures the film required.Principal photography began in March 2011, on an estimated $120–130 million budget, with filming taking place almost entirely on practical sets and on location in England, Iceland, Spain, and Scotland. The film was shot entirely using 3D cameras.
Prometheus was supported by a marketing campaign that included viral activities on the web. The campaign released three videos that featured stars from the film, in character, which expanded on elements of the fictional universe and received a generally positive reception. Prometheus was released on June 1, 2012 in the United Kingdom and was released on June 8, 2012 in North America.
Plot
As a hovering spacecraft departs, a humanoid alien drinks a dark bubbling liquid, and then starts to disintegrate. As its bodily remains cascade into a waterfall, the alien’s DNA triggers a biogenetic reaction.
In 2089, archaeologists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map among several unconnected ancient cultures. They interpret this as an invitation from humanity’s forerunners, or “Engineers”. Peter Weyland, the elderly CEO of Weyland Corporation, funds the creation of the scientific vessel Prometheus to follow the map to the distant moon LV-223. The ship’s crew travels in stasiswhile the android David monitors their voyage and studies linguistics such as Schleicher’s fable. Arriving in 2093, they are informed of their mission to find the Engineers. Mission director Meredith Vickers orders them to avoid making contact without her permission. The Prometheus lands near a large artificial structure, which a team explores.
Inside they find numerous stone cylinders, a monolithic statue of a humanoid head, and the corpse of a large alien, thought to be an Engineer. They find other bodies and presume the species is extinct. David secretly takes a cylinder, while the remaining cylinders begin leaking dark liquid. A rapidly approaching storm forces the crew to return to Prometheus, leaving crew members Millburn and Fifield stranded in the structure. In the ship, the Engineer’s DNA is found to match that of humans. Meanwhile, David investigates the cylinder and discovers a dark liquid. He intentionally infects Holloway with the substance. Shaw and the unknowingly infected Holloway later have sex.
Inside the structure, a snake-like creature kills Millburn, and it sprays a corrosive fluid that melts Fifield’s helmet, exposing him to the leaking dark liquid. The crew later returns to the structure and finds Millburn’s corpse. David separately discovers a control room containing a surviving Engineer in stasis, and a star map highlighting Earth. Holloway’s infection rapidly ravages his body, and he is rushed back to Prometheus. Vickers refuses to let him aboard, and at his urging, burns him to death with a flamethrower. Later, a medical scan reveals that Shaw, despite being sterile, is pregnant with an alien offspring. Shaw uses an automated surgery table to cut it out. Weyland is revealed to have been in stasis aboardPrometheus, and explains to Shaw he wants to ask the Engineers to prevent his death from old age. As Weyland prepares to leave for the structure, Vickers calls him “Father”.
A mutated Fifield attacks the hangar bay and kills several crew members before being killed himself. The Prometheus‘ captain, Janek, speculates that the structure was part of an Engineer military base that lost control of its biological weapon, the dark liquid. Janek also determines that the underground structure is in fact a spaceship. Weyland and a team return to the structure and awaken the Engineer. David speaks to the Engineer, who responds by decapitating him and killing Weyland and his team. Shaw escapes the spaceship as the Engineer activates it. David’s still-active head reveals the Engineer is going to release the liquid on Earth. Shaw convinces Janek to stop the Engineer’s spaceship. Vickers and her lifeboat are ejected before Janek crashes Prometheus into the Engineer’s spaceship. The Engineer’s disabled spaceship crashes onto the planet, killing Vickers. Shaw goes to Vickers’ lifeboat and finds her alien offspring, which has grown to gigantic size. David warns Shaw over the intercom that the Engineer survived the crash. The Engineer bursts into the lifeboat and attacks Shaw. She releases her alien offspring onto the Engineer; it thrusts a tentacle down the Engineer’s throat, subduing it. Shaw recovers David’s remains, and with his help, they launch another Engineer spaceship. She intends to reach the Engineers’ homeworld in an attempt to understand why they created humanity and later wanted to destroy it.
In the lifeboat, an alien creature bursts out of the Engineer’s chest.
An archaeologist. Rapace described Shaw as a believer “in God” with a “very strong faith”, but that “things happen and she changes into more of a warrior.”[5] To aid her method acting she developed a complete backstory for Shaw in her head,[6] and worked with a dialect coach to help achieve an appropriate British accent,[7] she also had her make-up artist apply extra blood and sweat during filming to more accurately portray her character.[8] Rapace noted, “I was out there filming for about six months and it was super-intense, my body was in so much pain sometimes but it was absolutely amazing.”[9] She has dismissed comparisons to the Alien franchise‘s Ellen Ripley.[10] Coming to director Ridley Scott‘s attention for her performance as Lisbeth Salander in the 2009 drama film The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, Rapace met him in August 2010,[11] and by January 2011 she had secured the role.[12] Actresses Anne Hathaway, Natalie Portman, Gemma Arterton, Carey Mulligan, and Abbie Cornish, were all considered for the role during development.[13][14][15] Eight-year-old actress Lucy Hutchinson portrays Shaw as a child.[16]
An android designed to be indistinguishable from humans. The ship’s butler and maintenance man, it begins to develop “its own ego, insecurities, jealousy and envy”.[17][18]Fassbender stated: “David’s views on the human crew are somewhat childlike. He is jealous and arrogant because he realizes that his knowledge is all-encompassing and therefore he is superior to the humans. David wants to be acknowledged and praised for his brilliance”.[19] Writer Damon Lindelof stated that the character provides a non-human perspective on the film’s events, saying “what does the movie look like from the robot’s point of view? If you were to ask him, ‘What do you think about all of this? What’s going on? What do you think about these humans who are around you?’ Wouldn’t it be cool if we found a way for that robot to answer those questions?”[20] In developing his character, Fassbender avoided watching the android characters of Alien and Aliens (1986), and instead observed the replicants in Scott’s 1982 science fiction film Blade Runner, with a focus on Sean Young‘s character Rachael, whose “vacancy” and longing for a soul interested him.[21] He drew further inspiration from the voice of the HAL 9000 computer in2001: A Space Odyssey,[21] the “funny walk and economy of movement” of Olympic diver Greg Louganis,[22][23] and the performances of David Bowie in The Man Who Fell to Earth, Dirk Bogarde in The Servant, and Peter O’Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.[24] David’s blond hair was modeled after T. E. Lawrence.[25] Scott favored Fassbender for the role; by January 2011 he was confirmed to join the cast,[26] despite earlier reports his agents had sought too high a fee for their client.[17]
The billionaire founder and CEO of Weyland Corp.[27][28] Lindelof described him as having a massive ego and suffering from a god complex.[27] Pearce has claimed that his appearance in the movie is brief, saying “I’m only [in the film] for a minute”.[29] It took five hours to apply the necessary prosthetics and make-up to transform Pearce into the elderly Weyland, and one hour to remove it. Pearce observed old people to gain insight into the movement for his character, as he found replicating the impeded physical movement the most difficult part of the role.[30]Max von Sydow was Scott’s original choice to play Weyland, but Pearce was cast to allow him to portray both an elderly and young Weyland who appeared in early script drafts.[31]
The captain of the Prometheus.[32] Elba described the character as “a longshoreman and a sailor“, with a military background.[19][33] He noted “[being the captain is] his life and the crew is his responsibility,”[19] and said “he’s a realistic, pragmatic character. He has to get involved…in a film with huge ideas, you need a character like this, who can go ‘Wait…why are we doing this?'”.[33]
An archeologist and Shaw’s love interest.[34][35] Marshall-Green was cast after being seen performing on stage “off-off-off Broadway“.[35] He described Holloway as the “X Gamestype scientist”, explaining that he liked the character’s “leap-before-looking” philosophy. He further noted that Holloway “doesn’t want to meet his maker. He wants to stand next to his maker. He’s willing to go to the edge to get that.”[35] Describing the character’s motivation, he stated: “he goes to the extreme in everything he does, sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse of the [Prometheus crew]. I think what drives him is the thrill of the search.”[19] He contrasted Holloway to Shaw, saying “she’s the believer. I’m the scientist. I’m the skeptic. I’m the atheist”.[36]
A Weyland Corporation employee, sent to monitor the expediton.[19][37] Theron described the character as “a suit who slowly sheds [her] skin through the film”,[38] and also as “somewhat of a villain … [who] definitely has an agenda”.[39] She stated “Vickers is pragmatic, and desperately wants to control the situation.”[19] Scott wanted the character to lurk in the background of scenes watching other characters instead of being the focus. Theron stated that it helped layer her character because “you’re just so suspicious of her, instantly.”[40] The similar appearances and mannerisms of Vickers and David were intended to raise the possibility that David was based on Vickers’s DNA, or that Vickers is an android herself.[41] After Theron’s casting, she developed three new scenes with Scott and Lindelof to expand her character.[3] Physical action scenes were an issue for Theron because of scenes that involved her running through sand in 30 pounds (14 kg) boots, and her cigarette habit.[40] Theron was intended to portray Shaw, but a prior commitment to Mad Max 4: Fury Road prevented her involvement. When that film was delayed, she was able to rejoin Prometheus.[42]Michelle Yeoh and Angelina Jolie[12] were considered for the role.[17]
A biologist. Spall auditioned for another role, but Scott wanted him to play Millburn.[43][44] On his casting, Spall said “Alien is one of the best films ever made, and it’s a real buzz to be in a space suit on an ‘Alien’ set with Ridley Scott coming and speaking to you. It’s incredible. That’s why I wanted to be an actor, to be in a space suit on an ‘Alien’ set”.[45]
A geologist who has become unstable after many missions.[46][47] Harris described the character as “someone who can sense when things are up. He’s your audience guy, going, ‘Don’t go in that tunnel. We should not be doing this!'”.[47] Fifield’s bright red mohawk hairstyle was designed by Harris and Scott, based on Scott’s sketch of a man with a “severe haircut”.[47]
Development on a fifth film in the Alien franchise was in progress by 2002. At the time, Scott was considering returning to the series he created with his 1979 science fiction horror film Alien, to pursue a sequel that would explore the engineered origins of the series’ Alien antagonists,[51] and the “space jockey”—the extraterrestrial being, who briefly appears inAlien, as the deceased pilot of a derelict spaceship.[52]Alien star Sigourney Weaver also expressed interest in returning to the series.[53]Aliens director James Cameron discussed the potential for a sequel with Scott, and began working with another writer on a story for the film. It was then that 20th Century Fox approached Cameron with a script for a crossover film that would pit the series’ monsters against the titular characters of the Predator films; what would become the 2004 science fiction film Alien vs. Predator.[54] After Fox confirmed that it would pursue the crossover, Cameron stopped working on his own project, believing the crossover would “kill the validity of the franchise”.[55] In 2006, Cameron confirmed that he would not return to the project, believing that the series was Fox’s asset, and he was unwilling to deal with the studio attempting to influence the potential sequel.[54]
In May 2009, Fox first reported the project as a “reboot”[56] to the Alien franchise, which was soon afterwards expressed as a then untitled prequel to Alien.[57][58] Development stalled in June 2009, when Fox clashed with Scott over his selection of former commercial director Carl Erik Rinsch as director. Fox was only interested in pursuing the project if Scott directed.[59] By July 2009, Scott was attached to direct the film, and screenwriter Jon Spaihts was hired to pen the script based on his pitched idea for a direct Alienprequel.[40][60] With both director and writer in place, and pleased with Spaihts’ pitch, Fox scheduled a release date for December 2011, but this was eventually dropped.[61] In June 2010, Scott announced that the script was complete and that pre-production would begin, with a filming date set for January 2011.[62] However, by July 2010, Lindelof had been hired to redevelop Spaihts’s screenplay into a more original work.[63][64] In October 2010, Lindelof submitted his refined screenplay to Fox. The studio was pleased because it had contested Scott’s proposed budget of $150–160 million and found Lindelof’s screenplay to be more budget-conscious;[citation needed] Scott had initially requested a $250 million budget and an adult oriented product, but Fox was reluctant to invest this amount of money, and wanted to ensure the film would receive a lower age-rating to broaden the potential audience.[65]
In December 2010, it was reported that the film would be called Paradise,[17] named after the John Milton poem Paradise Lost, but Scott considered that it would convey too much about the film. Fox CEO Thomas Rothman suggested Prometheus, which was confirmed as the title in January 2011.[66][67] A release date was scheduled for March 9, 2012, but weeks later the date was pushed back to June 8, 2012.[66][68] With the name confirmed, the production began to publicly distance the film from its Alien origins. The filmmakers were deliberately vague about the connection between the films, believing it would build audience anticipation for Prometheus.[64] Scott stated that “while Alien was indeed the jumping-off point for this project, out of the creative process evolved a new, grand mythology and universe in which this original story takes place. The keen fan will recognize strands of Alien‘s DNA, so to speak, but the ideas tackled in this film are unique, large and provocative.”[69] In June 2011, Scott and Lindelof confirmed that Prometheus takes place in the same universe as the events of the Alien series.[70][71] In July 2011, Scott stated that “by the end of the third act you start to realize there’s a DNA of the very first Alien, but none of the subsequent [films]”.[72]
Writing
“…We’re exploring the future… away from Earth and [asking] what are people like now? … Space exploration in the future is going to evolve into this idea that it’s not just about going out there and finding planets to build colonies. It also has this inherent idea that the further we go out, the more we learn about ourselves. The characters in this movie are preoccupied by the idea: what are our origins?”
Damon Lindelof, concerning the scope of Prometheus.[73]
Spaihts met Scott in late 2009, where they discussed Scott’s desire to pursue an Alien prequel. Spaihts offered his concept, including a “bridge” that would connect the film’s “human story” to the Alien saga. He was quickly hired, which he credited to the reception of his “bridge” idea. Spaihts claimed his concept was created in the moment, and he had no ideas planned in advance. Spaihts set about writing a 20-page “extremely detailed outline”, and within three and a half weeks his first draft was complete, and submitted to the producers on Christmas Day, 2009. Within 12 hours, Scott returned the script with notes for changes, and Spaihts spent the Christmas holiday redrafting.[61]
Spaihts was tasked with exploring unresolved mysteries from Alien such as the Space Jockey. He saw the driving mysteries of Alien as “alien in nature”, stating “all the mysteries have alien players: the exoskeleton nightmare and… the elephantine titan that was called the ‘space jockey’… How do you make anyone care about events between creatures like this?” He found a solution in tying the alien mysteries to the past and future of human history. He explained: “if that story is somehow ours, and deeply enmeshed with the human story. That story changes meaning within our own life, things of such significance that we think of our own lives differently”.[74] He found translating Scott’s stylistic visual concepts to text difficult, and he periodically had to rein in some of the director’s ideas such as reminding Scott that in the scene they were discussing, the characters were subject to gravity and so could not simply float.[61] By April 2010, the script was on the fourth draft.[75] Scott described the script, saying “we are talking about gods and engineers. Engineers of space. And were the aliens designed as a form of biological warfare? Or biology that would go in and clean up a planet?”[76] In June 2010, Scott stated that the script was complete and ready for filming.[62]
However, Scott instead contacted Lindelof and requested that he review Spaihts’ script.[77] Within the hour, a messenger delivered the script to Lindelof and informed the writer that he would be waiting outside to take it back as soon as Lindelof had finished reading it.[78] Unaware of what the producers liked about the existing script, Lindelof informed Scott and the producers that he found the general concept appealing, but that the story relied too heavily on elements of the Alien films, such as the general concept of the Alien creatures life-cycle. As a direct prequel to Alien, it was focused on leading into that film’s story, and recreating the familiar cues of that series,[77] and Scott was adamant that he avoid repeating previous accomplishments.[79] Lindelof clarified, “If the ending to [Prometheus] is just going to be the room that John Hurt walks into that’s full of [alien] eggs [in Alien], there’s nothing interesting in that, because we know where it’s going to end. Good stories, you don’t know where they’re going to end.”[79] “A true prequel should essentially proceed [sic] the events of the original film, but be about something entirely different, feature different characters, have an entirely different theme, although it takes place in that same world.”[71]
Lindelof suggested that the other parts of the script were strong enough to survive without the Alien hallmarks, such as the Alien creature which he believed had been “diluted” by the exposure it had received since, and the burden of “all the tropes of that franchise with Facehuggers and Chestbursters”.[71][80] He offered that the film could instead run parallel to those films, such that a sequel would be Prometheus 2 and not Alien, and submitted an idea for how such a sequel could work. He met with the producers the following morning, and was hired shortly afterwards in late 2010.[40][80] Under Lindelof, the script began to divert from Spaihts’ Alien prequel into a more original creation.[40] Scott and Lindelof worked together five days a week between July and August 2010, trying to piece together exactly what vision Scott was trying to convey and how the script needed to change, including scaling back the Alien symbology and tropes. Beginning in August, Lindelof spent four to five weeks writing his first draft before submitting it mid-September 2010.[64] Inspired by Blade Runner and Spaihts’ script, Lindelof thought that it would be possible to combine an Alien story of action and horror with “the Blade Runner thematic”,[77] to ask bigger questions that he felt were normally posed in science fiction films. Lindelof explained:
Blade Runner might not have done well [financially] when it first came out, but people are still talking about it because it was infused with all these big ideas. [Scott] was also talking about very big themes in Prometheus. It was being driven by people who wanted the answers to huge questions. But I thought that we could do that without ever getting too pretentious. Nobody wants to see a movie where people are floating in space talking about the meaning of life … That was already present in [Spaihts’] original script and [Scott] just wanted to bring it up more.
Scott’s story concept was partially inspired by the work of Chariots of the Gods? author Erich von Däniken‘s writings about the theory of ancient astronauts, suggesting that life on Earth was created by aliens.[58][70] Scott said, “NASA and the Vatican agree that [it is] almost mathematically impossible that we can be where we are today without there being a little help along the way… That’s what we’re looking at [in the film], at some of Erich von Däniken’s ideas of how did we humans come about.”[70]Spaihts originated the idea that David, the android, is like humans, but does not want to be anything like them, eschewing a common theme in “robotic storytelling” such as Blade Runner. He also developed the theme that while the human crew are searching for their creators, David is already among them. Scott liked these ideas and had them explored further in Lindelof’s rewrite.[81] For Shaw, Lindelof felt it was important that she be distinct from Alien‘s Ripley, to avoid inevitable comparisons between the two female leads. In Spaihts’ draft, Shaw was directly responsible for the events of the plot because of her desire to seek out potentially dangerous knowledge. As with David, Lindelof further expanded this facet of the character during his rewrites. Lindelof spent approximately eight months developing the script, finishing in March 2011, as filming began.[82]
Pre-production
Pre-production had begun by April 2010, with a team developing graphic designs for the film’s requirements.[75] Scott convinced Fox to invest millions of dollars into the hiring of scientists and conceptual artists to develop a vision of the late 21st century.[3] Production of Prometheus was marked by a high degree of secrecy[83] with story details “extremely under-wraps.”[84] Determined to maintain the secrecy of the plot, Scott required the cast to sign clauses to prevent them disclosing story details, and the cast were only allowed to read the script under supervision in Scott’s production office.[85] One exception was made when a courier flew to one of the actors in a foreign location and then stood guard while the actor read the script.[85] Concerning the confidential nature of the script, Scott stated: “I was insistent that the script not leak onto the internet, where it gets dissected out of context, which spoils it for everyone.”[85]
In July 2011, Lindelof stated that the film would be relying on practical effects, and employing CGI generally for on-set pre-visualization of external space visuals.[86] Scott recalling advice special effects artist Douglas Trumbull gave him on the set of Blade Runner stated, “if you can do it live, do it live”, with Scott claiming that although “you can pretty much do anything you want”[87] with digital technology, practical effects are more cost effective.[22][88] Cinematographer Darius Wolski convinced Scott that it would be possible to film in 3Dwith the same ease and efficiency of typical filming. 3D company 3ality Technica provided some of the rigs and equipment to facilitate 3D filming, and trained the film’s crew in their proper operation.[89] According to Scott, the decision to film in 3D added $10 million to the film’s budget.[90] Since 3D films need high lighting levels on set, the hallmark atmosphere of the Alien films with darkness and shadows was added in post-production through grading processes, while the 3D equipment was based on post-Avatar technology.[91][92]
Principal photography began on March 21, 2011, on an estimated $120–130 million budget.[3][93] Filming was scheduled to take place over six months,[10] but it took longer than forecast: the film was still being shot in September 2011.[94] Filming began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, part of the Pinewood Studios group,[7] where Scott used eight sound stages for filming, including the 007 Stage.[85][95] Studio space was limited and the crew were forced to make the stages work for over 16 different sets, and also increase the size of the 007 stage by over 30%.[96]
In July, filming moved to Iceland for two weeks, commencing at the base of the active Hekla volcano in southern Iceland on July 11, 2011. Speaking about working at the base of an active volcano, Scott stated “If one is afraid of nature in this profession then it would be best to find a different job”.[97] Filming also took place at one of the most powerful waterfalls in Europe, the Dettifoss waterfall in the north east of Iceland, in the Vatnajökull National Park.[98] The Iceland shoot involved 160 Icelandic crew members and over 200 imported crew.[97]Scott claimed that the Iceland filming comprised approximately fifteen minutes of footage for the film, and that the area represented the “beginning of time”.[99] Exterior shots of the alien world were shot in Iceland.[100]Morocco had been an intended shooting location instead of Iceland, but the 2010 Arab Spring protests forced the change of venue.[3] Alternatives including the Mojave Desert had been considered alongside Iceland,[101] but Scott explained that the country was ultimately chosen because “here it is so rough and ‘Jurassic-like’ and that proved decisive”.[97]
In September 2011, filming moved to the Ciudad de la Luz audiovisual complex in Alicante, Spain. Shooting areas included the complex’s large water tank, and a nearby Alicante beach.[94][102] The complex was booked from August 22, 2011, through to December 10, with set construction occurring from August until late September.[94] Approximately 250 people worked on the three month-long Spain shoot, generating over €1 million to the local economy.[103] Filming also took place in the Wadi Rum valley in Jordan.[3]
Scott avoided using green screens unless necessary, instead employing various items to help the actors understand where they were meant to be looking in any particular scene on the practical sets that would have a CGI presence inserted in post-production.[104] Rapace claimed that green screens were used less than six times during filming.[79] The production used five 3ality Technical Atom 3D rigs, four of which were configured with Red Epic 3D cameras set up for use on camera dollies and tripods, which were continuously in use during filming. The fifth rig employed an Epic camera for use as a steadicam, which was only used as required.[89][105]
Post-production
Scott focused on using the 3D footage to increase the illusion of depth. Despite this being his first 3D film he found the process easy. He stated: “You can literally twiddle a knob and the depth will increase”, “the trick is not to overdo it”.[104]Prometheus contains approximately 1,300 digital effect shots.[104]Moving Picture Company were the lead visual effect studio and produced 420 of the shots.[106] Several other studios also produced the visual effects including Weta Digital,[3] Fuel VFX,[107]Rising Sun Pictures, Luma Pictures, Lola Visual Effects, and Hammerhead Productions.[108] In December 2011, Rapace undertook additional dialogue recordings for the film.[5] Additional pick-up scenes were filmed during January 2012, including a one-day shoot on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, and a new scene shot at a cave in the Scottish mountains.[109][110][111] For dark scenes with little lighting, the film was color graded to specifically compensate for the slight dimness introduced by wearing 3D glasses, to ensure the image was comparable to the 2D version.[106]
In July 2011, Scott stated that he was filming Prometheus with both adult-oriented R and more accessible PG-13 film ratings in mind, allowing the more adult content to be cut if necessary without harming the overall presentation. Scott claimed he had a responsibility to 20th Century Fox to be able to present a PG-13 cut of the film if the studio demanded, allowing it to be viewed by a wider potential audience.[112] When asked about the rating, Scott explained “the question is, do you go for the PG-13, or do you go for what it should be, which is R? Financially it makes quite a difference…essentially it’s kinda R…it’s not just about blood, it’s about ideas that are very stressful.”[113] Scott maintained that, regardless of rating, he would present the most “aggressive” cut of the film he could,[113] while Rothman stated that Scott would not be forced to compromise the film’s quality to avoid an R-rating.[114] On May 7, 2012, Fox confirmed that the film had received an R-rating and would be released without any cuts being made.[115][116] A fight scene between Shaw and the Engineer was edited out of the finale because Scott decided that Shaw wounding the Engineer diminished his role.[117] Scott concluded work on the film in March 2012.[118]
Design
Production designerArthur Max led the film’s design. His art team were tasked with deconstructing the art and visuals of Alien and reverse-designing them for the earlier-time setting of Prometheus.[119][120] Influence was drawn from the work of Alien creature designer H. R. Giger, and designers Ron Cobb and Chris Foss, including their designs for that film which Scott had been unable to develop at the time.[120] Max designed the sets including the alien structures and the alien world landscape, and vehicles, including the Prometheusand Engineer ship.[7][96] Digital 3D models and miniature replicas were built of each set, allowing them to see how sets should connect and to know where the sets would end and the CGI would begin. To better blend the practical and the digital, the design team took rock samples during the Iceland shoot, allowing them to match the graphical textures with the real rocks caught on film.[121] Max researched NASA and European Space Agency designs and developed these concepts with his vision of how space travel would look in the future to create the Prometheus. He stated that he wanted “to do something that was state-of-the-art, which would represent a flagship spacecraft with every technology required to probe into the deepest corners of the galaxy.”
The film’s titular spaceship, as seen in a promotional image.
The interior of the ship was built across a two-level structure, fronted by a large, faceted, wrap around windscreen. Theron’s quarters were designed to represent her high status on the ship, being furnished with modern and futuristic items including Swarovski chandeliers and a Faziolipiano.[96] The ship’s garage was built on the backlot of Pinewood Studios in England. The vehicles within were built over 11 weeks and were designed to operate on difficult terrain while still possessing a futuristic aesthetic. Max created a large Pyramid structure for the alien world, with main interior areas connected by a series of chambers, corridors and tunnels, so expansive that some crew became temporarily lost within. The pyramid was enhanced in post-production to further increase its size.[96] One of the key sets, the chamber where the crew find the humanoid-head statue, was designed to resemble the interior of a cathedral and convey a “quasi religious” impression.[120] Giger designed the murals that appear within the chamber.[72]
For the crew’s space suits, Scott was inspired to include spherical glass helmets after reading a story in Apple co-founder Steve Jobs‘ biography, about building an office out of Gorilla Glass, with Scott remarking “If I’m in 2083 and I’m going into space, why would I design a helmet that has blind spots. What I want is something where I have 360 [vision]. Glass, by then, will be light and you won’t be able to break it with a bullet.”[18]The interior of the prop helmets had nine functioning video screens, internal lighting, an oxygen supply provided by two fans, with battery packs concealed within a backpack. The helmet’s exterior featured a functional light source and high-definition cameras with a transmitter and recorder. For the suit itself, Scott wanted to avoid the unwieldy NASA-style suit. His frequent collaborator, Academy award-winning costume designer Janty Yates, used medical research concepts relating to skin replacement treatments and materials to develop a design that could believably provide a flexible and comfortable garment. The outfit comprised a neoprene suit worn under an outer space suit, a base to which the helmet could be attached, and a backpack.[96]
Aboard the ship, Yates gave the characters their own distinct look. Theron is dressed in an ice-silver, silk mohair suit, with Yates explaining: “[Theron] is the ice queen. It was always our vision to make her look as sculptural as possible”. Fassbender’s David is dressed similar to other crewmen, but his outfit was given finer lines to produce a more linear appearance. To create a casual, relaxed appearance, Marshall-Green’s Holloway was dressed in hoodies, fisherman pants, and flip-flops, while Elba wore a canvas-greased jacket to represent his long career at the helm of a ship.[96]
A key scene involving a large 3D hologram star map was inspired by the 1766 Joseph Wright painting “A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery“, in which a scientist displays a mechanical planetarium by candlelight. While discussing the necessity of a star map with Spaihts, Scott mentioned the painting as how he saw the map being physically represented, although he was unaware of the name and described it only as “circles in circles with a candle lit image”. To Scott’s pleasure, Spaihts located the correct image based on his description. Spaihts stated: “making the leap from a star map, to an Enlightenment painting, and then back into the far future. [Scott’s] mind just multiplexes in that way”.[74]
Creature effects
Neal Scanlan and Conor O’Sullivan developed the film’s alien creatures, aiming to convey each creature as having a logical biological function and purpose. Scanlan stated that much of Scott’s inspiration for creature design is drawn from natural life such as plants and sea creatures.[96] The snake-like alien dubbed the “Hammerpede” was given life through a mixture of CGI and practical effects which included digitally removing wires controlling the practical puppet. For a scene where the Hammerpede is decapitated, the VFX team digitally animated and inserted the spontaneous growth of a replacement head.[122] During a scene when the Hammerpede erupts from Spall’s character’s corpse, Scott was in control of the puppet using wires. Scott did not inform Dickie about what was to occur in the scene and her screaming reaction was real. The creature’s design was partially inspired by translucent sea creatures with visible arteries, veins and organs beneath the skin’s surface, and Cobras, creating a “smooth and muscular and powerful” appearance. For the tentacled offspring cut out of Rapace’s Shaw, the “Trilobite”, early designs resembled an Octopus or Squid until designer Neville Page redeveloped the concept as an embryo in an early state of development, with tentacles that began fused together and would gradually split as the creature developed, creating new tentacles. The practical creature was ananimatronic creation.
For its grown form, the “Adult Trilobite”, Max found inspiration from an arthropod-like creature from Earth’s Cambrian era, and the alien octopus illustrations of the Jean Giraud-illustrated The Long Tomorrow comic strip written by Alien writer Dan O’Bannon. The final inspiration for Max’s design came after he found a formaldehyde-preserved giant squid, an image which met with Scott’s approval. The film’s last-unveiled creature, the “Deacon”, was named by Scott for it’s long, pointed head that he considered resembled a “bishop’smitre, the evil deacon’s pointed hat”. Scanlan aimed to design the creature to represent its genetic lineage: beginning with Shaw and Holloway, who produce the Trilobite, which impregnates the Engineer. However, they focused on making the character feminine, claiming that “it was born of a female before being born of a male.” Visual effects art director Steven Messing drew inspiration for the Deacon’s birth scene from horse foal births, and created an iridescent-like appearance for its skin, based on the placenta from foal birth.[123]
Frequent Scott collaborator Marc Streitenfeld composed the musical score for Prometheus.[124] The score was recorded over one week with a 90-piece orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London, England,[125] where it was also processed by Scott after the fact.[18] Streintenfeld began coming up with ideas for the score after reading the script prior to the commencement of filming. To create an “unsettling” sound, he provided the orchestra with reversed music sheets to have them play segments of the score backwards, before then digitally reversing it.[125] The Prometheus (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) album was released on iTunes on May 15, 2012,[126] and on CD on June 4, 2012.[127] It features 23 tracks by Streitenfeld, plus two supplemental tracks by composer Harry Gregson-Williams.[128]
Prometheus‘s marketing campaign began on July 21, 2011, at the San Diego Comic-Con International, where images and footage from the film were presented by Lindelof and Theron, with Scott and Rapace participating via satellite contribution.[73][129] A segment of the footage showed Theron performing “naked push-ups” which attracted much attention.[84][130][131] A teaser poster was revealed on December 14, 2011, with the tagline, “The search for our beginning could lead to our end.”[132] A bootleg recording of an incomplete teaser trailer was leaked online on November 27, 2011, but was swiftly taken down by Fox.[133] The teaser trailer was released on December 22, 2011.[134]
On March 17, 2012, Scott, in partnership with AMC Theaters, hosted the premiere of the first full Prometheus trailer at the AMC Downtown Disney, during WonderCon in Anaheim, California. The event was streamed live via Facebook, Twitter, and the AMC Theater website, and the trailer was posted on AMC’s Youtube channel immediately after its debut.[135] Reaction to the trailer was considered to be positive among WonderCon attendees and on Twitter,[136] and it received nearly three million views in the three days following its release.[137] On April 10, 2012, media outlets were shown a 13 minute montage of scenes from the film’s opening in 3D at the Vue Cinema in Leicester Square, London.[138] The screening was well received, with particular mentions given to the 3D visuals and the performances of Fassbender, Rapace, Theron, and Elba.[24][138][139]
On April 29, 2012, the international launch trailer debuted in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 during the first advertisement break of the TV show Homeland. Viewers were encouraged to share their opinions about the trailer on Twitter, some of which were then shared in a live broadcast during a later break. This marked the first time that viewers’ tweets were used in a broadcast advertisement.[140][141] Alongside the trailer, a competition was launched on the social platform Zeebox, offering viewers a chance to win tickets to the film whenever Zeebox detected the advertisement airing.[142] On May 8, 2012, the advertisement became subject to an investigation by the British broadcasting regulatory bodyOfcom for allegedly breaching broadcast rules when a voice over encouraged viewers to book tickets while the advertisement played and with the Channel 4 logo onscreen. The act potentially broke a rule that advertising and teleshopping must be clearly distinguishable from editorial content.[143][144]
Although marketers typically avoid collaborating with adult-oriented films to focus on reaching broader audiences, the film attracted several promotional partners including Coors,Amazon, and Verizon FiOS. The campaigns were estimated to have spent $30 million in marketing support. Amazon directed interested users to purchase tickets throughFandango, and placed promotional material in products shipped to customers; this was the first time that Amazon had allowed such marketing by an external company.[145] The premiere in London, England, was streamed live via the film’s website and the Verizon FiOS Facebook. The event was facilitated by BumeBox, which culled audience questions from social sites and delivered them to reporters to ask at the event.[146] The National Entertainment Collectibles Association (NECA) are developing a series of Prometheus action figures, scheduled for release in September 2012.[147]Prometheus: The Art of the Film, a book containing production art and behind-the-scenes photos from the film, was released on June 12, 2012.[148]
Viral campaign
An advertisement for “David” printed in newspapers.
A viral marketing campaign began on February 28, 2012, with the release of a video featuring a speech by Pearce, in character as Peter Weyland, about his vision for the future. Set in 2023, the video presents a futuristic vision of a TED conference, an annual technology and design event held in Long Beach, California. The segment was conceived and designed by Scott and Lindelof, and directed by Scott’s son, Luke. The production was made in collaboration with, and made available through TED because Lindelof wanted to introduce new audiences to the conference itself. Lindelof explained that the scene takes place in a futuristic stadium rather than the smaller locations of real TED conferences because “a guy like Peter Weyland—whose ego is just massive, and the ideas that he’s advancing are nothing short of hubris—that he’d basically say to TED, ‘If you want me to give a talk, I’m giving it in Wembley Stadium.'”[27]
TED community director Tom Rielly helped gain approval for the use of the TED brand, which had not previously been used for promotional purposes. He was involved in designing the 2023 conference, preparing an “extensive briefing on all the visual and audio aspects of a TEDTalk circa 2012 and a corresponding speculation on how things would work in the future”, that included flying video cameras and “live Twitteresque feedback”. Rielly claimed that the association generated millions of new visitors to the TED website.[149] The video’s release was accompanied by a fictional TED blog about the 2023 conference and a tie-in website for the fictional Weyland Corporation.[150][151] On March 6, 2012, the Weyland website was updated to allow visitors to ‘invest’ in the company as part of a game to reveal new Prometheus media.[152]
During the 2012 WonderCon, attendees at the film’s panel were given Weyland Corporation business cards that directed them to a website and phone number. Calling the number resulted in the caller being sent a text message from Weyland Corporation that linked them to a second viral video. Narrated by Fassbender, the video is presented as an advertisement for the “David 8” android, portrayed by Fassbender.[153] An extended version of the video was released on April 17, 2012. The advertisement details “David”‘s features including its ability to seamlessly replicate human emotions without the restrictions of ethics or distress.[154][155] Accompanying the video, a full page “David” advertisement was placed in The Wall Street Journal; a Twitter account operated by a David8 was revealed, allowing Twitter users to ask the character questions;[156] and a partnership with Verizon FiOS was launched, offering a virtual tour of the Prometheus spaceship.[156] Another video, “Quiet Eye”, starring Rapace as Shaw, was released on May 16, 2012, debuting through the Verizon FIOS Facebook.[146] In the video, Shaw requests Weyland’s aid to seek out alien life, in a phone call monitored by Yutani, a fictional company from the Alien series.[157] In France, the Saint-Martin ghost train station was converted in appearance to resemble alien architecture from the film, visible to passing commuters.[158] The campaign continued following the film’s release with a website highlighted during the film’s end credits. The site referenced the philosophical novelThus Spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche, and featured a further video of Pearce’s Weyland, quoting from the book.[159][160]
Discussing the videos at the May 2012 Digital Hollywood conference, Lindelof claimed that they originated from the question of the film’s status as an Alien prequel. It was decided that creating videos with the film’s stars would generate more interest than anything that could be said in regards to its connection to the Alien films. He furthered that the challenge in creating the videos was that they needed to be good enough to justify their existence, but not so important that their absence from the final film would be an issue for audiences.[161]
Release
The premiere of Prometheus took place on May 31, 2012, at the Empire cinema in Leicester Square, London.[118][162] The film was released on June 1, 2012, in the United Kingdom,[115] and was released on June 8, 2012, in North America.[68] It was simultaneously released in IMAX theaters and in 3D,[163] and it is encoded for D-Box motion seats that provide physical feedback to the viewer during the film.[164]
Pre-release
In the United Kingdom, approximately £1 million ($1.6 million) of tickets were pre-sold.[165] 18,827 tickets pre-sold for the London IMAX, the largest IMAX screen in the country, which broke the theater records for the highest grossing week of pre-sales with £293,312 ($474,687), and the highest grossing first day of pre-sales with £137,000 ($221,717).[166] It extended this record to 30,000 tickets sold and £470,977 ($737,588) earned, becoming the most pre-booked film at the theater, exceeding the performance of high-profile IMAX releases including Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 and Avatar.[167]
In North America, audience tracking showed high interest among males of all ages, but low interest among females.[168] The week preceding release saw conflicting opinions on whether the film or Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted would place number 1 for the weekend during their simultaneous release. As of June 6, 2012, Fandango reported thatPrometheus was leading with 42% of daily sales, while Madagascar 3 was responsible for 35% of daily sales. Additionally, the online tracking for Prometheus surged with each new piece of promotional footage.[169] However, pre-release tracking is usually less reliable for animated films; since Madagascar 3 was the first truly family-oriented film of the summer, many speculated that there would be large demand for it.[170] The official 20th Century Fox prediction placed Prometheus around $30 million, while DreamWorks Animation andParamount placed Madagascar 3 at about $45 million.[171] As the weekend came closer, pre-release audience surveys suggested a $55 million debut for Madagascar 3 and $50-$55 million for Prometheus.[172]Prometheus was also in the disadvantage of a less wide release (3,394 theaters against 4,258 theaters for Madagascar 3). Furthermore, the R rating of the film was considered a limiting obstacle.[173]
Box office
As of June 15 2012, the film has earned $68,658,127 in North America and $92,736,717 elsewhere for a worldwide total of $161,394,844.[4]
Prometheus was initially released in 15 markets from May 30 to June 1, 2012 – about a week before its North American release. The earlier start in these countries was timed to avoid competition with the start of the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship the following week. On its opening day (it varies depending on the country), it earned $3.39 million in the United Kingdom,[174] $2.2 million in Russia,[175] and $1.5 million in France.[165] The film earned $34.8 million during its opening weekend from 4,695 theaters in 15 markets, debuting at #1 in 14 of them, with an average of $7,461 per theater. Its overall rank for the weekend was third behind Men in Black 3 and Snow White & the Huntsman.[176]Its opening weekends in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($10.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($9.80 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($6.68 million) represented its largest takings.[177][1] By June 8, the film had opened in a total of 50 markets, seeing further success during its opening weekends in Australia ($7.2 million) and South Korea ($4.2 million).[178]
In North America, the film earned $3.561 million in midnight showings at 1,368 theaters, including $1.03 million from 294 IMAX theaters, and went on to earn $21.4 million through its opening day.[179] During its opening weekend, it earned $51.05 million from 3,396 theaters – an average of $15,032 per theater – ranking second behind Madagascar 3 ($60.4 million). The figure placed it as the second largest opening for a film directed by Scott (behind his 2001 thriller Hannibal), the third largest second-place opening, the ninth largest opening for a prequel, and the tenth largest for an R-rated film. The largest segment of the opening weekend audience was over the age of 25 (64%) and male (57%). 3D showings accounted for 54% of ticket sales, while IMAX contributed 18% – the majority of which was accounted for in the 3D figure.[180][181][4]
Critical response
Michael Fassbender in 2012. Critics were near unanimous in praise for his portrayal of the android David.
The film garnered a 74% approval rating from 235 critics – an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 – on the review-aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, whose consensus reads: “Ridley Scott’s ambitious quasi-prequel to Alien may not answer all of its big questions, but it’s redeemed by its haunting visual grandeur and compelling performances — particularly Michael Fassbender as a fastidious android.”[182]Metacritic provides a score of 65 out of 100 from 42 critics, indicating “generally favorable” reviews.[183]CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a “B” on an A+ to F scale, with audience members under 25 rating it the highest at A-.[179][184] Reviews were frequently praising of both the film’s visual aesthetic and design, and Fassbender’s performance as the android David received almost universal acclaim. However the plot drew a more mixed response, with criticism of plot elements that remained unresolved or were predictable, tempered by appreciation for the action and horror set-pieces.
The Hollywood Reporter‘s Todd McCarthy called the film’s visuals vivid, stunning and magnificent on a technical level, singling out the performances of Fassbender, Rapace and Theron for praise, but lamented that the film catered too much to audience expectations, making it predictable.[185]Time Out London‘s Tom Huddleston felt the plot was “flat” and “predictable”, the characters “emotionless”, and that while the film was “perfectly entertaining”, it did not live up to pre-release expectations.[186]Emanuel Levy cited the plot as his only complaint with the film, stating that it is unable to follow through with its philosophical ideas.[187]Roger Ebert gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, labeling it a “magnificent … blend of story, special effects and pitch-perfect casting, filmed in sane, effective 3-D that doesn’t distract.” Ebert positively compared Rapace to Sigourney Weaver’s performance in Alien as continuing “the tradition of awesome feminine strength”, but considered Elba the most interesting performer. Ebert thought that the plot, in raising questions and not answering them, made the film “intriguing” and in the “classic tradition of golden age sci-fi”.[188]
Total Film‘s Jonathan Crocker however offered that the plot successfully integrated itself with Alien‘s mythology while offering its own original ideas.[189]Entertainment Weekly‘s Lisa Schwarzbaum was positive towards the cast, particularly Rapace, and the cinematography.[190]Salon‘s Andrew O’Hehir offered that the film was “somber, spectacular and ponderous,” but that the ” portentousness and grandiosity…is at once the film’s great strength and great weakness” criticizing characters for lacking “common sense”. O’Hehir also mentioned Wolski’s cinematography and Max’s production design.[191]The New York Times‘A. O. Scott criticized the story as weak, undermining its “lofty, mindblowing potential” with “bits of momentarily surprising information bereft of meaning or resonance”, but described Rapace as a “fine heroine, vulnerable and determined”.[192]
In a negative review, Variety film critic Justin Chang described the film’s structure and genre as being unable to handle the philosophical undertow of the plot, and felt Prometheuswas “lazily deferring” key plot points under the presumption that a sequel would be made.[193]The Guardian’sPeter Bradshaw was less critical but thought that Prometheus “[lacked] the central punch of Alien“, calling the film “more grandiose, more elaborate – but less interesting”.[194] Ian Nathan of Empire magazine was unimpressed by Rapace — whom he described as an unconvincing lead — and summarised the film as lacking suspense.[195]The Village Voice‘s Nick Pinkerton stated that the film is “prone to shallow ponderousness”, that can “mimic the appearance of an epic, noble, important movie”, but fails to “payoff”. He criticized Rapace and Marshall-Green for failing to instill interest in their character relationship, but added: “there are a few set pieces here that will find a place of honor among aficionados of body horror and all things clammy and viscous”.[196]
In North America, the DVD and Blu-ray disc versions of the film were listed for pre-order in partnership with Amazon, a week before the film had been released in theaters. A limited number of tickets to the film were offered as a pre-order incentive.[200] The film is scheduled for release on Blu-ray disc and DVD on October 9, 2012.[201] In a June 2012, interview Scott stated that the home release would feature an extended cut of the film featuring an additional 20 minutes of footage and up to 30 minutes of deleted scenes.[117] In June 2012,FX obtained the rights to the film’s network premiere.[202]
Sequel
During the March 17, 2012, WonderCon, Scott stated that the film leaves many questions unanswered, and that these could be answered in a sequel, saying “If we’re lucky, there’ll be a second part. It does leave you with some nice open questions.”[22][87] Asked if a sequel would be a direct prequel to Alien, Lindelof said “if we’re fortunate enough to do a sequel… it will tangentialize [sic] even further away from the original Alien.”[18] In June 2012, Lindelof stated that while plot elements were deliberately left unresolved so that they could be answered in a sequel, he and Scott thoroughly discussed what should be resolved so that Prometheus could stand alone, as a sequel was not guaranteed.[203] Further detailing his sequel concept, Scott stated that it would follow Shaw to her next destination, “because if it is paradise, paradise can not be what you think it is. Paradise has a connotation of being extremely sinister and ominous.” Lindelof cast doubt on his participation stating “if [Scott] wants me to be involved in something, that would be hard to say no to. At the same time, I do feel like [Prometheus] might benefit from a fresh voice or a fresh take or a fresh thought.”[204]
^ abcdefg Galloway, Stephen (May 16, 2012). “Return of the ‘Alien’ Mind”.The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
^Ridley Scott (Director) (2003). Alien (DVD (audio commentary track)). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc.. “It’s a tough one, particularly with the success of four. I think if you close the lid it should be the end of the first chapter, and I think very simply what no one’s done is simply gone back to re-visit ‘what was it?’ No one’s ever said ‘who’s the space jockey?’ He wasn’t an Alien. What was that battleship? Is it a battleship? Is it an aircraft carrier? Is it a bio-mechanoid weapon carrier?…Why did it land? Did it crash-land, or did it settle there because it had engine trouble?…And how long ago? ‘Cause those eggs would sit there.”
^Dan O’Bannon (Writer), Ridley Scott (Director), Sigourney Weaver (Actor) (2003). Alien (DVD (audio commentary track)). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc..
Many claim that The Shroud of Turin is Jesus Christ but the Knights Templar claim that this is Jacques de Molay. I myself would like to think that this is Jesus Christ but with my research and understanding of history tend to lead me to believe that this is indeed Jacques de Molay and not Jesus Christ.
Geoffroi de Charny (the French Knight who died at the 1356 battle of Poitiers) and his wife Jeanne de Vergy are the first reliably recorded owners of the Turin Shroud. This Geoffroi participated in a failed crusade under Humbert II of Viennois in the late 1340s.[26] He is sometimes confused with Templar Geoffroi de Charney.[27]
Any discussion of the Shroud of Turin is bound to be controversial. Those who view this sacred and holy relic fall into two camps, those that believe it to be the undisputed earthly evidence of a Christ risen and those who believe it to be a medieval forgery.
It is not the intention of this web site to cast doubt on or support the authenticity of the shroud, but rather to show its possible relationship to the Knights Templar. We receive many letters from angry people who wish to enter into lengthy debates about carbon 14 reliability. We are aware of new evidence that puts the reliability of carbon 14 dating in question, so please refrain from telling us of the findings or directing us to URLs that make the claims.
There are two theories that relate to the Templars having been involved with the Shroud, one, which would support the authenticity of the Shroud and another, which would refute it.
In 1204 the Crusaders sacked the city of Constantinople. Among them were the Knights Templar, whom some scholars contend took the Burial shroud of Jesus from the city. To support this theory, author Ian Wilson who wrote the book “The Shroud of Turin: Burial Cloth Of Jesus?” makes the claim that the head that the Templars were accused of worshipping was none other than that of Jesus. His belief is that the Shroud when folded depicted the head of Christ and was referred to as the “Mandylion.” There is a painted panel at Templecombe in England that shows a bearded head like that, which is depicted on the Mandylion.
In their two books, “The Hiram Key” and “The Second Messiah,” authors Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas paint a contrasting picture to the Mandylion theory. The authors theorize that the image on the Shroud of Turin is in fact that of the last Grand Master of the order, Jacques de Molay, who was tortured some months before his execution in 1307. The image on the shroud certainly does fit the description of de Molay as depicted in medieval wood cuts, a long nose, hair shoulder length and parted in the center, a full beard that forked at its base, not to mention the six-foot frame. De Molay was said to be quite tall.
However, many have criticized the theory on the basis that the Templar rule of order forbade the Templars from growing their hair long. What critics of the theory overlook is that during DeMolay’s seven years in prison it is highly unlikely that he would have been afforded such luxuries as good grooming.
Knight and Lomas claim that the shroud figured in the Templars rituals of figurative resurrection and that DeMolay’s tortured body was wrapped in a shroud, which the Templars kept after his death. Lomas and Knight further believe that lactic acid and blood from DeMolay’s tortured body mixed with frankincense (used to whiten the cloth) etching his image into the shroud.
When the shroud was first put on display in 1357 (50 years after the disbanding of the order) by the family of Geoffrey de Charney who was also burned at the stake with de Molay, the first people viewing the shroud recognized the image to be that of Christ.
The authors theorize that Jacques de Molay may have been tortured in a manner similar to Christ as a mockery. Certainly then, the wounds suffered by de Molay where the same as those of Jesus Christ on the Cross.
Today it is commonly believed by many, through carbon dating, that the shroud dates to the late 13th century and not to the date of Christ’s supposed crucifixion. It is interesting that the church revealed these carbon dating results on October 13th, 1989, which is the same day the Templars were arrested by Church and State. According to the authors:
“Carbon dating has conclusively shown that the Shroud of Turin dates from between 1260 and 1380, precisely as we would expect if it were the image of Jacques de Molay. There is no other known theory that fits the scientifically established facts. Through experimentation, we know that the figure on the Shroud was on a soft bed of some kind, which strongly suggests that the victim was not dead and was expected to recover.”
The Second Messiah pg. 161 – Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas
Regardless of whether the findings of Ian Wilson or Knight and Lomas are correct, it is evident that this most holy and venerated relic has found its way into the Templar mythos.
Lynn Picknet and Clive Prince, authors of “Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?” present another theory of interest on the matter. Readers will recognize the authors from the book, “The Templar Revelation.” In the authors’ earlier book the duo claim that Leonardo Da Vinci who created an early photographic technique manufactured the image on the shroud of Turin.
Stephanie Pappas
Live Science
Thu, 05 Apr 2012 17:01 CDT
A hoax or a miracle? The Shroud of Turin has inspired this question for centuries. Now, an art historian says this piece of cloth, said to bear the imprint of the crucified body of Jesus Christ, may be something in between.
According to Thomas de Wesselow, formerly of Cambridge University, the controversial shroud is no medieval forgery, as a 1989 attempt at radiocarbon dating suggests. Nor is the strange outline of the body on the fabric a miracle, de Wesselow writes in his new book, The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection (Dutton Adult, 2012). Instead, de Wesselow suggests, the shroud was created by natural chemical processes – and then interpreted by Jesus’ followers as a sign of his resurrection.
“People in the past did not view images as just the mundane things that we see them as today. They were potentially alive. They were seen as sources of power,” de Wesselow told LiveScience. The image of Jesus found on the shroud would have been seen as a “living double,” he said. “It seemed like they had a living double after his death and therefore it was seen as Jesus resurrected.”
Believing the shroud
As de Wesselow is quick to admit, this idea is only a hypothesis. No one has tested whether a decomposing body could leave an imprint on shroud-style cloth like the one seen on the shroud. A 2003 paper published in the journal Melanoidins in Food and Health, however, posited that chemicals from the body could react with carbohydrates on the cloth, resulting in a browning reaction similar to the one seen on baked bread. (De Wesselow said he knows of no plans to conduct an experiment to discover if this idea really works.)
Perhaps more problematic is the authenticity of the shroud itself. Radiocarbon dating conducted in 1988 estimated the shroud to medieval times, between approximately A.D. 1260 and 1390. This is also the same time period when records of the shroud begin to appear, suggesting a forgery.
Critics have charged that the researchers who dated the shroud accidentally chose asample of fabric added to the shroud during repairs in the medieval era, skewing the results. That controversy still rages, but de Wesselow is convinced of the shroud’s authenticity from an art history approach.
“It’s nothing like any other medieval work of art,” de Wesselow said. “There’s just nothing like it.”
Among the anachronisms, de Wesselow said, is the realistic nature of the body outline. No one was painting that realistically in the 14th century, he said. Similarly, the body image is in negative (light areas are dark and vice versa), a style not seen until the advent of photography centuries later, he said.
“From an art historian’s point of view, it’s completely inexplicable as a work of art of this period,” de Wesselow said.
Resurrection: spiritual or physical?
If de Wesselow’s belief in the shroud’s legitimacy is likely to rub skeptics the wrong way, his mundane explanation of how the image of Jesus came to be is likely to ruffle religious feathers. According to de Wesselow, there’s no need to invoke a miracle when simple chemistry could explain the imprint. It’s likely, he says, that Jesus’ female followers returned to his tomb to finish anointing his body for burial three days after his death. When they lifted the shroud to complete their work, they would have seen the outline of the body and interpreted it as a sign of Jesus’ spiritual revival.
From there, de Wesselow suspects, the shroud went on tour around the Holy Land, providing physical proof of the resurrection to Jesus’ followers. When the Bible talks about people meeting Jesus post-resurrection, de Wesselow said, what it really means is that they saw the shroud. He cites the early writings of Saint Paul, which focus on a spiritual resurrection, over the gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke and John, which were written later and invoke physical resurrection.
“The original conception of the resurrection was that Jesus was resurrected in a spiritual body, not in his physical body,” de Wesselow said.
These ideas are already receiving pushback, though de Wesselow says he’s yet to get responses from people who have read his entire book. Noted skeptic Joe Nickell toldMSNBC’s Alan Boyle that de Wesselow’s ideas were “breathtakingly astonishing,” and not in a good way; Nickell has argued on multiple occasions that the shroud’s spotty historical record and too-perfect image strongly suggest a counterfeit.
On the other end of the religious spectrum, former high-school teacher and Catholic religious speaker David Roemer believes in Jesus’ resurrection, but not the shroud’s authenticity. The image is too clear and the markings said to be blood aren’t smeared as they would be if the cloth had covered a corpse, Roemer told LiveScience.
“When you get an image this detailed, it means it was done by some kind of a human being,” Roemer said.
Unlike many “shroudies,” as believers are deprecatingly called, Roemer suspects the shroud was deliberately created by Gnostic sects in the first or second century. A common religious explanation for the markings is that a flash of energy or radiation accompanied Christ’s resurrection, “burning” his image onto the cloth.
If anything is certain about de Wesselow’s hypothesis, it’s that it is not likely to settle the shroud controversy. Scientific examinations of the delicate cloth are few and far between – and so are disinterested parties. Roemer, for example, recently arrived at a scheduled talk at a Catholic church in New York only to find the talk had been canceled when the priest learned of Roemer’s shroud skepticism. (The Catholic Church has no official position on the shroud’s authenticity.)
Meanwhile, de Wesselow said, people who aren’t driven by faith to accept the cloth as real generally don’t care about the shroud at all.
“The intellectual establishment, if you like, is not interested in shroud science,” he said. “It regards it as fringe and it’s not interested.”